時(shí)間理論分析論文
時(shí)間:2022-10-12 02:07:00
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目錄:
Tableofcontents
前言
Introduction
1客觀時(shí)間
Theobjectivetime
絕對(duì)客觀時(shí)間
Theabsolutelyobjectivetime
相對(duì)客觀時(shí)間
Therelativelyobjectivetime
2主觀時(shí)間
Thesubjectivetime
絕對(duì)主觀時(shí)間
Theabsolutelysubjectivetime
相對(duì)主觀時(shí)間
Therelativelysubjectivetime
模糊主觀時(shí)間
Theindefinitelysubjectivetime
3什么是時(shí)間單位?
Whatistheunitoftime?
4時(shí)間是直線的,還是彎曲的?
Istimecurvedorstraight?
5時(shí)間的定義是什么?時(shí)間的本質(zhì)是什么?
Whatisthedefinitionoftime?Whatistheessenceoftime?
6時(shí)間的表達(dá)式
Theformulationoftime
7時(shí)間系統(tǒng)圖
Thechartof“TimeSystem”
結(jié)束語
Endremarks
前言:
Introduction
物質(zhì),空間,能量,時(shí)間是現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)的基本組成部分,但是它們的定義和本質(zhì)還在困惑著我們。哲學(xué)和科學(xué)上對(duì)時(shí)間的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)會(huì)為我們對(duì)客觀世界和自然規(guī)則有更深層次的理解,“時(shí)間理論”的提出就是基于這樣的一種努力。
Matter,space,energyandtime,theyarethefundamentalpartsinphysicstoday,thoughtheirdefinitionsandtheessencearestillperplexedforanswers.Furtherinterpretationsoftimeinscienceandphilosophywillmakeusmoreunderstandingoftheworldandthenaturallaws,andadvancingthe“theoryoftime”typicallybasedonsuchaneffort.
尋求宇宙真理是哲學(xué)和科學(xué)的目的,哲學(xué)家沒有必要去知道宇宙的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式應(yīng)當(dāng)是怎樣的,只要了解其計(jì)算出的結(jié)果就行了;科學(xué)家也不要太去擔(dān)心自己被劃分成什么主義,而只要懂得哲學(xué)里有很多有用的思想和方法就可以了。
SeekingfortheTruthoftheCosmosisthegoalofphilosophyandscience.Philosophersneednotknowwhatthemathematicalequationoftheuniverseshouldbe,butknowtheresultcomputedbytheexpression;anditisnotnecessaryforscientiststoworrytoomuchabout“what-ism”theyweresortedout,butnecessarilyrealizethattherearemanyusefulthoughtsandmethodsinphilosophy.
時(shí)間是我們生活中最重要的組成成分之一。對(duì)時(shí)間的討論經(jīng)歷了幾千年,留給我們的概念仍然是模糊和局部的。盡管到現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)時(shí)間的定義和時(shí)間的本質(zhì)還沒有統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識(shí),就像其他很多概念沒有被解去面紗一樣,它并沒有影響人類的基本生活和科技的快速發(fā)展。
Timeplaysanextremelyimportantroleinscienceandourlives.Controversieshavebeenlastingforthousandsofyears,buttheconceptoftimeleftusisstillindefiniteandpartial.Thoughtherewerewidelydivergentviewsaboutitsdefinitionanditsessence,timemadenodifferencetoourdevelopmentinscienceandtechnology.
“時(shí)間理論”采用的討論方法,既不是針對(duì)某些我認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)的或者不同的觀點(diǎn),也不是針對(duì)某些我認(rèn)為值得尊敬的人而進(jìn)行論述的,它是建立在系統(tǒng)研究基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)時(shí)間概念進(jìn)行全方位的詮釋。
Thediscussionsinthe“theoryoftime”neitherfocusedonthecertainviewsassumedtheymightbewrongordifferent,noraimedatthosevenerablepeople.Thetheoryoftimewasfoundedonthebasisofsystematicresearch.
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和哲學(xué)的發(fā)展為我們揭開時(shí)間之迷提供了基礎(chǔ),我的嘗試是把時(shí)間做了統(tǒng)一分類,并對(duì)什么是時(shí)間和時(shí)間本質(zhì)作了解釋,另外,我還盡可能多地指出一些人們對(duì)時(shí)間概念錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)。對(duì)時(shí)間進(jìn)行分類就像對(duì)生物進(jìn)行分類一樣,這將會(huì)使人們對(duì)時(shí)間的理解和進(jìn)一步研究變得容易起來。
Theachievementsofmodernscienceandphilosophyprovidedthepossibilitytounveilthesecretoftime.Consequentlymyattemptwastoclassifythetime,totellwhatis“time”andwhatitsessenceshouldbe,and,moreover,Iwastryingtopointoutsomemisconceptionsoftime.Theclassificationoftime,suchasthespeciesinbiology,wouldbeanimportantapproachthatmadeourresearchesontimebecomeeasily.
時(shí)間理論里附了許多的圖片說明,這些都會(huì)為你逐漸理解時(shí)間概念提供幫助;文中的有些例子,為了加強(qiáng)你的理解和記憶,我特意做了重復(fù)舉例使用,當(dāng)然,你也可以為鞏固你的知識(shí),提出自己的例子進(jìn)行對(duì)照,以便能加深對(duì)時(shí)間的理解。
這篇文章是為所有對(duì)時(shí)間概念感興趣的人設(shè)計(jì)的,希望能使你對(duì)時(shí)間有一個(gè)全面的,新角度的認(rèn)識(shí)。
“Theoryoftime”providesthisapproachmakingyougraduallylearntheconceptoftimewithmanyparadigmsanddiagrams.Someinstanceswererepeatedinordertoenhanceourunderstandingsandmemories,aswellastoreduceourunnecessaryspeculation.However,youmightdeepenyourcomprehensionwithyouownexamples.Itishopedthatyouwillviewthetimeatadifferentangle.Meanwhile,thearticleisdesignedforallviewerswhoareinterestedinthefield.
1.客觀時(shí)間(Theobjectivetime)
首先,為了不在開始的時(shí)候去面對(duì)太多的抽象概念,我分步驟地為你介紹“時(shí)間的種類,”我想這樣能使你比較容易地理解時(shí)間的全貌。對(duì)時(shí)間的理解,我知道每一步都是“艱難”的,希望現(xiàn)在開始后不會(huì)是這樣。我們都知道,時(shí)間可能會(huì)改變一切,你可以花些時(shí)間仔細(xì)閱讀,也可以任意挑選你感興趣的章節(jié)。好了,現(xiàn)在就讓我們開始我們的“時(shí)間旅行”。
Firstofall,inordertoavoidthinkingtoomanyabstractnotionsatthebeginning,Iwouldliketointroduceyouthe“variety”oftimestepbystep,whichIthoughtsomehowtheyarethe“easilyunderstandable”aspectsoftime.Ikneweverystepwashard,andhopefullynotsofromnowon.Takeyourtimeandreadthearticlefreely.Timemightchangeeverything.Nowlet’sstartour“timetravel”.
時(shí)間分為“客觀時(shí)間”和“主觀時(shí)間”。
Timeisdividedinto“objectivetime”and“subjectivetime.”
所謂“客觀時(shí)間”就是那些:不以意識(shí)或觀測(cè)者存在與否而存在的。
TheObjectivetime:existsnomatterwhetherthereareobserversorhumanbeings.
相對(duì)論突出的貢獻(xiàn)之一是提供給我們的“時(shí)空(space-time)”概念。有些相對(duì)論者認(rèn)為時(shí)間不能獨(dú)立于空間單獨(dú)存在――空間是時(shí)間的主體,這個(gè)論述恐怕沒有多少人愿意或有勇氣去反駁,盡管有不少懷疑者。這里我做個(gè)小把戲,現(xiàn)在我們把一“空間”弄得與宇宙一樣大,根據(jù)他們的理論,那么我們就找到了“宇宙時(shí)間”(theUniversalTime)。其實(shí),宇宙時(shí)間是亙古存在的,它伴隨宇宙的存在而存在,而與小把戲(空間)沒有任何聯(lián)系(更多在第五部分)。
OneofthenotablecontributionsofRelativityisthenotionof“space-time.”Therelativistsdonottreatspaceandtimeindependently—spaceisthesubjectoftime,whichnobodyiswillingtorebutatthemoment.ThusIplaya“trick”:Letusblow“space”asbigastheUniverse’room,accordingtotheirtheory,thenwewouldfindouttheUniversalTime.Actuallytheuniversaltimehasexistedforalong,longtime,anditwillaccompanytheuniversallifethroughoutthewholeevolution,anditdoesnotmatterwiththe“trick(space)”(moreinpart5).
眾所周知,宇宙有過去和現(xiàn)在,正是由于有這樣的變化,才表明了宇宙時(shí)間的存在。如果在科學(xué)技術(shù)允許的情況下,我們可以通過“時(shí)鐘”測(cè)量到“宇宙時(shí)間?!?/p>
“宇宙時(shí)間”是一個(gè)客觀時(shí)間,它的存在和是否命名它,取什么樣的名字無關(guān),我把這個(gè)時(shí)間分類到“絕對(duì)客觀時(shí)間?!睂?duì)客觀時(shí)間的研究是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的范疇。所說的客觀時(shí)間就是一種客觀存在,正如我們看不到電磁場(chǎng),但我們可以通過儀器測(cè)量到它;時(shí)間,同樣,我們也可以通過儀器測(cè)量到它的變化,所以,時(shí)間并不是概念上或想象的‘東西’??陀^時(shí)間包括絕對(duì)客觀時(shí)間和相對(duì)客觀時(shí)間。
Asknown,theUniversehaspastandpresent,andjustbecauseofthiskindofchange,itindicatestheexistenceoftheuniversaltime.Withthepermissionofscienceandtechnology,wecouldmeasuretheuniversaltimeby“clock.”Theuniversaltimeisanobjectivetime,whichexistsnomatterwhetherwenameditornot,andIsorteditoutintothepartof“absolutelyobjectivetime.”Thestudyoftheobjectivetimesbelongstothescientificrealm.So-called“theobjectivetime”meanstimeisakindofexistences,suchaswecannotseetheEarth’smagneticfieldwhichitcanbemeasuredbyinstruments;time,also,wecancapturebythechronometers,i.e.timeisnotconceptiveorimaginary“thing.”Theobjectivetimeincludesabsolutelyobjectivetimeandrelativelyobjectivetime.
絕對(duì)客觀時(shí)間:指宇宙時(shí)間和宇宙中個(gè)體的壽命。
Theabsolutelyobjectivetime:includestheuniversaltimeandthebodies’life-span.
宇宙時(shí)間是一個(gè)進(jìn)行著的時(shí)間,而宇宙?zhèn)€體的壽命是一個(gè)絕對(duì)的量,即一個(gè)絕對(duì)的時(shí)間期間,舉個(gè)例子,想一下一個(gè)恒星的壽命或者一個(gè)分子的壽命。由于我們還無法準(zhǔn)確地確定宇宙時(shí)間是何時(shí)開始的,我們還無法利用這個(gè)時(shí)間來作為參照坐標(biāo)(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間)。但是,我們可以通過科學(xué)計(jì)算或觀測(cè)了解絕對(duì)客觀時(shí)間,例如,科學(xué)家通過觀測(cè)和計(jì)算可以推測(cè)恒星是什么時(shí)間開始和結(jié)束的。想了解我們每個(gè)人的生命時(shí)間是何時(shí)開始,我們最好去查找出生記錄;如果把我們生命開始的時(shí)間定于受精那一刻,我們就不得不暴露父母的隱私。如果以宇宙時(shí)間為參照坐標(biāo)(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間),宇宙中任何一點(diǎn)發(fā)生的時(shí)間都是同時(shí)的。
Theuniversaltimeisaprogressivetime,andabody’slife-spanisanabsolutequantity--anabsoluteperiodoftimeorinterval,forinstance,thinkingaboutastar’soramolecule’slife-span.Becausewecannotmakecertainwhentheuniversaltimestarted,weareunabletoutilizethistimeasaframeofreference(standardtime)atthemoment,butwemightdiscovertheabsolutelyobjectivetimethroughthescientificcalculationorobservation,forexample,scientistsmightfindoutwhenastarbeganandendedbymeansofthecalculationorobservation.Ifwewanttoknowwhenwecameintotheworld,itwouldbebettertolookupourbirthregisters;ifourliveswereconsideredtobeginatthemomentoftheimpregnation,wemighthavetoexposeourparents’privacy.Ifwesettheuniversaltimeasaframeofreference--standardtime,timeissimultaneousateverypointintheuniverse.
相對(duì)客觀時(shí)間:指物體與另一物體通過相互作用或聯(lián)系產(chǎn)生的時(shí)間。
Therelativelyobjectivetime:occursbytheinteractionorrelationshipbetweentwoobjects.
例如地球繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn),地球和太陽之間存在一個(gè)運(yùn)行周期。這個(gè)周期的存在當(dāng)然比我們?nèi)祟惖某霈F(xiàn)時(shí)間要久遠(yuǎn)的多,我把這個(gè)時(shí)間(周期)分類到“相對(duì)客觀時(shí)間?!蔽覀兊淖嫦群茉缇桶l(fā)現(xiàn)了和利用了這個(gè)客觀時(shí)間,因此制定出公歷和農(nóng)歷(陰歷)。公歷是以地球繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)周期-這個(gè)客觀時(shí)間作為參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并且給出一個(gè)人為化的數(shù)據(jù)(概念)-“365天”或“年?!睂?shí)際上,‘年’這個(gè)時(shí)間是一個(gè)主觀時(shí)間,下面我們進(jìn)一步討論什么是主觀時(shí)間。有必要理解的是,客觀時(shí)間可以被人類利用,而客觀時(shí)間并不需要人為的給出概念和數(shù)量,像“年”或“365”。
Forexample,theEarthmovesroundtheSun,thusthereisaperiodbetweenthem.Thisperiodhadexistedforalongtimebeforeman’sappearance.Isortedthisperiodoutintothegroupof“relativelyobjectivetime.”O(jiān)urancestorsdiscoveredandmadegooduseofthisobjectivetime,whichcreatedthesolarcalendar.ThesolarcalendarortheGregoriancalendarwasfoundbasedonthereferentialperiodoftheEarth’srotationaroundtheSun,andtheperiodwasgivenaman-madenameandquantity–“year”(about365days).Actually“year”isakindofsubjectivetimeswhichthefollowingswillbediscussed.Itcouldbenecessarytorealizethattheobjectivetimescouldbeusedbymanandtheydonotneedtheman-madeconceptsorquantities,like“year”or“365.”
2.主觀時(shí)間:由意識(shí)主體(人)或觀測(cè)者參與所制定的時(shí)間。
Thesubjectivetime:tobeconstitutedbyobserversorhumanbeings.
我們暫且不去討論動(dòng)物和外星人。主觀時(shí)間是我們?nèi)祟惿畹闹匾M成部分。例如,我們研究起源,研究規(guī)律,研究歷史,我們建金字塔,我們趕飛機(jī),我們工作,可以說我們離不開時(shí)間概念。主觀時(shí)間是我們?nèi)祟悘淖约旱慕嵌葮?gòu)建的時(shí)間系統(tǒng)。
LetusignoretheanimalsandtheAliens.Thesubjectivetimeisaveryimportantcomponentinourlives,forexample,westudiedtheorigin,law,history;webuiltthePyramids,traveledandworked,etc.,itcouldbesaidthattimeinvolvedineverythingwedid.Thesubjectivetimeisatimesystemconstructedbyhumans.
牛頓認(rèn)為的“絕對(duì)時(shí)間”通常的解釋是:對(duì)宇宙中的每一個(gè)觀測(cè)者來說時(shí)間的運(yùn)行都是在同一速率或者至少可以是一個(gè)共同的量度。他認(rèn)為的“絕對(duì)時(shí)間”實(shí)際上是觀測(cè)者以宇宙時(shí)間為參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的,就是說“絕對(duì)時(shí)間”是人類利用宇宙時(shí)間作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間,但它并不是宇宙時(shí)間,就像我們前面說到的人為定義的“年”一樣,代表著地球圍繞太陽的一個(gè)客觀存在運(yùn)行周期。這里,牛頓沒有太多考慮到其實(shí)每一個(gè)人都可能有自己的一個(gè)時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn),就是說,每一個(gè)觀測(cè)者都可以認(rèn)為某些時(shí)間開始于自己認(rèn)為的某一刻,舉個(gè)例子,觀測(cè)一輛汽車從A點(diǎn)移動(dòng)到B點(diǎn)所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間,觀測(cè)者可以假定汽車停在位置A時(shí)的時(shí)間為出始時(shí)間或者說是零點(diǎn)時(shí)間。
IsaacNewton’s“absolutetime”,whichwasmadecommentsasranatthesamerateforallobserversintheuniverseoratleastthatcanbescaledtosuchacommonrate,actuallyhishypotheticaltimewassupposedtobaseontheobserverssettheuniversaltimeastheframeofreference(standardtime)—“absolutetime”wasthetimeforhumanbeingstoutilizetheuniversaltimeasstandardtimebutitwasnottheuniversaltime,liketheunderstandingofman-madename“year”andtheexistent“period”oftheEarth’smovingroundtheSun.IsaacNewtonhadnotthoughtmuchthateveryonemighthavehisowntimestandards,i.e.observersmightthinkthatsometimesstartedatacertainmoment,foraninstance,measuringthetimeofacartravelingfrompositionAtoB,theobserversmightpostulatethatthetimeofthecarstayingat“pointA”wastheinitialtimeorzerotime.
而愛因斯坦的“相對(duì)時(shí)間”是觀察者以在不同的時(shí)間參照坐標(biāo)系條件下進(jìn)行討論的,例如,觀測(cè)者可以在一個(gè)正在飛行的飛機(jī)中。牛頓和愛因斯坦,兩位科學(xué)巨人討論的前提條件不同,也不能說誰比誰對(duì)時(shí)間論述更清楚。牛頓應(yīng)該看到時(shí)間是可以被改變的或者可以被調(diào)整的,例如,夏令時(shí),同時(shí),愛因斯坦最好能懂得一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間對(duì)人類是非常重要的,例如,格林威治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)。這里要說明的是,“絕對(duì)時(shí)間”和“相對(duì)時(shí)間”都屬于主觀時(shí)間,因?yàn)槎叨际菑娜耍ㄓ^測(cè)者)這個(gè)角度構(gòu)建的,兩者都需要觀測(cè)者的行為和介入。我做了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單分類,把主觀時(shí)間分為:絕對(duì)主觀時(shí)間,相對(duì)主觀時(shí)間和模糊主觀時(shí)間。下面將逐一闡述。
AlbertEinstein’s“relativetime”wasthetimeforustodepictthattheobserversmightliveindifferenttimecoordinatessystems(e.g.inaflyingplane).Bothpremisesofthediscussionabouttimeweredifferent,andneitheroftwogiantstoldtimeclearly.IsaacNewtonwouldbetterknowthattimescouldbechangedoradjusted(e.g.DaylightSavingTime),andinthemeantime,AlbertEinsteinwouldbetterknowthataunifiedstandardtimewasveryimportantforhumans(e.g.theGreenwichMeanTime).Both“absolutetime”and“relativetime”aresubjectivetimesbecausebothwouldbeconstitutedbyhumanbeingsorbothneededobservers’conductorinvolvement.Idividedthesubjectivetimeintothreegroups:absolutelysubjectivetime,relativelysubjectivetimeandindefinitesubjectivetime.Nowletusdiscussthemonebyone.
絕對(duì)主觀時(shí)間:具體數(shù)字時(shí)間。
Theabsolutelysubjectivetime:exactlynumerictime.
普遍的時(shí)間概念認(rèn)為時(shí)間是指一段時(shí)間或連續(xù)時(shí)間,但我們生活中的確存在著“點(diǎn)時(shí)間”的概念,例如,“1980年6月20日”,“3點(diǎn)整”,“今天”,“昨天”等,這些都具有“點(diǎn)時(shí)間”的概念。另外,像“1秒”,“20年”,“2小時(shí),”“星期一,”“去年,”“明天”等都是絕對(duì)主觀時(shí)間。順便提一句,“昨天”可看成一個(gè)“時(shí)間點(diǎn)”,也可認(rèn)為是“過去的24小時(shí)”。
Generalnotionoftimeisconsideredas“duration”or“interval,”butsometimestimecanbeconsidereda“point,”forexample,“June20,1980,”“threeo’clocksharp,”“today,”“yesterday,”etc.,inaddition,“oneminute,”“20years,”“twohours,”“Monday,”“l(fā)astyear,”“tomorrow,”andsoon,allaboveareabsolutelysubjectivetimes.Bytheway,“yesterday”canbecalleda“pointoftime”or“24hoursinthepast.”
相對(duì)主觀時(shí)間:意識(shí)主體或觀測(cè)者通過觀測(cè),計(jì)算和度量等手段確定的時(shí)間。
Therelativelysubjectivetime:determinedbymeansofobservation,calculationandmeasurement.
例如,我們制定的時(shí)間單位,‘秒’,‘分’,‘小時(shí)’,‘天’,‘年’等。
相對(duì)主觀時(shí)間內(nèi)容非常廣泛,是我們有關(guān)科學(xué)研究和個(gè)人生活時(shí)間表達(dá)的主要構(gòu)成部分。我這里舉一個(gè)‘眨眼睛’的事件,希望有助你理解這個(gè)概念。
一個(gè)人或觀測(cè)者:
測(cè)出自己‘眨眼睛’的時(shí)間(T1)。
測(cè)出別人‘眨眼睛’的時(shí)間(T2)。
被別人測(cè)出‘眨眼睛’的時(shí)間(T3)。
測(cè)出火車上乘客‘眨眼睛’的時(shí)間(T4)。
被火車上乘客測(cè)出‘眨眼睛’的時(shí)間(T5)。
計(jì)算出人類平均‘眨眼睛’的時(shí)間(T6)。
從T1到T6都屬于相對(duì)主觀時(shí)間。世界上有數(shù)不盡的事件,宇宙中有無數(shù)的現(xiàn)象,如果我們?cè)敢獾脑?,并且在科技能力允許下,我們可以通過各種手段找出其中的時(shí)間關(guān)系。
Forexample,theunitsoftimeconstitutedbyus—“second,”“minute,”“hour,”“day,”“year,”etc.
Thecontentsoftherelativelysubjectivetimearewideabroad,whichcloselyreferstothescientificresearchesandpersonalexperiences.Givinganinstanceof“eventofwink”below,itishopedthatyouwouldcomprehenditeasily.
Apersonoranobserver,
hadmeasuredthe“timeofwink”ofhisown(T1).
hadmeasuredthe“timeofwink”ofothers(T2).
hadbeenmeasuredthe“timeofwink”byothers(T3).
hadmeasuredthe“timeofwink”ofpassengersinatravelingtrain(T4).
hadbeenmeasuredthe“timeofwink”bypassengersinatravelingtrain(T5).
hadcomputedtheaverageof“timeofwink”ofhumans(T6).
FromT1toT6,allofthemarerelativelysubjectivetimes.Therearecountlesseventsandphenomenaintheuniverse.Wecouldfindoutthedifferenttimerelationshipsbyallmeanswithinthepermissibilityofscienceandtechnologyifwewish.
模糊主觀時(shí)間:含糊的或不確定的時(shí)間。
Theindefinitelysubjectivetime:theambiguousoruncertaintime.
模糊主觀時(shí)間在生活中大量存在,豐富了我們的語言和生活的樂趣。例如,“時(shí)間就是金錢,”“時(shí)光如飛,”“我今天早上和女朋友聊天,時(shí)間過得真快,”“過去,”“現(xiàn)在,”“將來,”“10年前,”“大約20分鐘”等都是模糊主觀時(shí)間。
下面我再舉些模糊主觀時(shí)間的應(yīng)用例子:過去就是過去的時(shí)間;現(xiàn)在就是此刻;未來是想像的時(shí)間;昨天就是我們的歷史;生活是今天;明天是希望;真正的時(shí)間是到現(xiàn)在;未來是從現(xiàn)在開始,等等。
Therearemanykindsofindefinitelysubjectivetimeinourlives,whichenrichesourimaginationandlanguages.Forexample,“timeismoney,”“timeflies,”“timewaselapsingquicklywhenItalkedtomygirlfriendthismorning,”“past,”“present,”“future,”“tenyearsago,”“about20minutes,”etc.,allofthemareindefinitelysubjectivetimes.Nowgivingotherinstances,“Pastisdeadtime;Presentisrightnow;Futureisimaginarytime,”“Yesterdayisourhistory;Todayisourliving;Tomorrowisourhope,”“Realtimeistillnow;Futureisfromnowon,”etc.
3.什么是時(shí)間單位?(unitoftime)
Whatistheunitoftime?
每天我們都會(huì)用到“秒,”“分,”“小時(shí)”來辨別時(shí)間的流逝,大家都知道,它們都是為了讓我們?cè)谏钪心軌虮容^容易用來衡量或度量時(shí)間的一部分時(shí)間單位。時(shí)間的國(guó)際單位叫“國(guó)際秒?!薄懊搿钡亩x有很多參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn),我這里只簡(jiǎn)單介紹“國(guó)際秒,”它的定義是:銫133原子基態(tài)的兩個(gè)超精細(xì)能級(jí)間躍遷對(duì)應(yīng)的輻射的9192631770個(gè)周期的持續(xù)時(shí)間。不難看出,“秒”與我們公歷定義的“年,”本質(zhì)上沒有差別。它們都是我們?yōu)榱松钪杏?jì)算方便,利用客觀時(shí)間的規(guī)律性,人為規(guī)定的“一段時(shí)間,”也就是主觀時(shí)間。你現(xiàn)在更清楚客觀時(shí)間是一種真實(shí)存在,它有時(shí)對(duì)我們生活非常重要。
Everydayweuse“second,”“minute,”“hour”totellthetime.Asknown,theyarepartsoftheunitsoftimetoletuseasilytomeasureorscalethetimeinourlife.TheSI(internationalsystem)baseunitoftimeisthe“SIsecond.”Thedefinitionof“second”wasbasedonseveralreferentialstandards,hereareintroducedthe“SIsecond.”Itsdefinitionis:“thesecondisthedurationof9,192,631,770periodsoftheradiationcorrespondingtothetransitionbetweenthetwohyperfinelevelsofthegroundstateofthecesium133atom.”Itisnothardtorealizethatthereisnodifferenceinessencebetweenthe“SIsecond”andthe“calendaryear,”whichboth(subjectivetime)arestill“intervals”fixedbyustomakeuseoftheregularitiesoftheobjectivetimesforourconvenienceswhilecalculating.Nowmoreclearlytheobjectivetimeisakindofexistencesandisveryimportantforourliving.
時(shí)間通常被看做是一個(gè)“間隔”,例如,1980年至1985年,或者被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)“連續(xù)體,”比如,宇宙時(shí)間。但是,為了對(duì)時(shí)間進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),在現(xiàn)實(shí)中或者在一個(gè)時(shí)間坐標(biāo)里,我們會(huì)把某些“時(shí)間間隔”看做成“點(diǎn)時(shí)間,”例如我們前邊提到的“1980年6月20日,”“1990年,”還有“秒。”時(shí)間的連續(xù)性最終會(huì)牽扯出什么是時(shí)間的最小單位,這個(gè)問題下面將做些討論。
Timeusuallyisconsideredasaninterval(e.g.1980—1985)oracontinuum(e.g.theuniversaltime).Inrealityorwithrespecttotimecoordinates,fortheconveniences,instatisticssomeintervalswereregardedas“pointoftime,”e.g.,asmentioned,“June20,1980,”“year1990,”aswell“second.”Thecontinuityoftimeultimatelyreferstowhatthesmallestunitoftimeshouldbe,andthequestionwillbediscussedfurtherlateron.
“國(guó)際秒”不是最小的時(shí)間單位,目前,普朗克時(shí)間(Planck-time)是理論上認(rèn)為可以測(cè)到的最小“時(shí)間單位,”它大約等于5.4x10-44秒。我們?nèi)匀粺o法找到時(shí)間的最小“單位,”而時(shí)間的最小單位對(duì)科學(xué)研究是非常重要的。我猜想我們今后可以把最小時(shí)間單位定義成像“光子”一樣的“東西。”這里我大膽提出一個(gè)新的詞匯-“時(shí)間量子”(chronotum),它是由“chrono”和“quantum”組成的,“chrono”來自希臘文“khronos”是時(shí)間的意思;“quantum”是物理學(xué)里量子的名稱。這個(gè)專用術(shù)語“時(shí)間量子”(chronotum)就代表了時(shí)間的最小單位。
“SIsecond”isnotthesmallestunitoftime.AtthemomentPlank-timeisconsideredthesmallestunitoftimethattheoreticallycouldbemeasured--itisabout5.4x10-44seconds.Westillcouldnotfindthesmallestunitoftime,thoughthesmallestunitoftimewouldbesignificantintheterritoryofscience.Isupposedthatsomedaywewouldhavedefinedthesmallestunitoftimeas“something”similarto“photon,”buthereIdaredtopresentanewword“chronotum”whichwascombinedwith“chrono”(fromGreekkhronos--time)and“quantum.”Theterm“chronotum”representsthesmallestthequantumoftimeorthesmallestunitoftime.
客觀時(shí)間是沒有“時(shí)間單位”概念的,它也不需要“時(shí)間單位,”而主觀時(shí)間是我們制定的,它可以更改,也可以定義“時(shí)間單位。”我們可以了解客觀時(shí)間的規(guī)律,并通過數(shù)量化的主觀時(shí)間來表述,正如“秒”和“年”概念的由來,前面提到過,“年”或者“365天”是地球圍繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)周期,這個(gè)客觀時(shí)間被人類定義出來的。
我們已經(jīng)知道了客觀時(shí)間是一種存在,而且也可能有規(guī)律,它也不需要“時(shí)間單位?!毕旅嫖覀儗⒂懻摃r(shí)間的形狀。
Theobjectivetimedoesnotneedthe“unitoftime”,nordoestheconceptof“unit.”Butthesubjectivetimeisestablishedbyus,anditcanbealteredanddefinedthe“units.”Wecouldfindouttheregularitiesoftheobjectivetimesandcouldquantifythemwiththesubjectivetimes,aswellasmakeuseoftheregularitiesoftheobjectivetimestodefineas“units”ortimestandards,forthesameinstancementioned,theEarth’srotationalperiodaroundtheSun—oneoftheobjectivetimes,whichwasdefinedas“year”or“365days,”certainlythedefinitionof“second”isalsoanexample.Wealreadyknewtimeisakindofexistences;itcanberegular;itcanhaveunitoritdoesnotneedunit.Wewilldiscussthe“shapesoftime”below.
4.時(shí)間是直線的,還是彎曲的?
Istimecurvedorstraight?
許多人認(rèn)為時(shí)間是直線的是因?yàn)槲覀兞?xí)慣把時(shí)間與時(shí)間箭頭(arrowoftime)或時(shí)間作標(biāo)聯(lián)系在一起。時(shí)間軸線在時(shí)間坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)里,我們通常都是畫成直線的,但是實(shí)際上時(shí)間軸線并不能表示時(shí)間的形狀就是看起來那樣的。時(shí)間箭頭只能說明時(shí)間的方向性,它不能說明時(shí)間是直線的或一定指向未來。我們一般都認(rèn)為時(shí)間箭頭應(yīng)該指向未來,這是一個(gè)錯(cuò)覺,時(shí)間箭頭是根據(jù)我們的需要來標(biāo)明時(shí)間方向的,如果根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)需要,我們當(dāng)然可以這樣用時(shí)間箭頭表示時(shí)間,參看“圖表X”和“圖表Y?!碑?dāng)然,把時(shí)間箭頭畫成曲線也不能算錯(cuò),參看“圖表Z,”這個(gè)圖反映的是“年”的變化范圍(從365天到366天)。
Manypeoplethoughttimeisstraightbecauseoftherelationstothearrowoftimeandtimecoordinates.Time-axisweusuallydrewislinearintimecoordinatesystems,butthetime-axiscouldnotexpressthattheshapeoftimewaslookedlikethat.Thearrowoftimecanonlyshowusthedirectionoftime,itshallnottellustimeisstraightortimemustgotowardsthefuture.Usuallythearrowoftimewassupposedtopointtothefuture,butthatwasanillusion.Onthebasisofourneeds,thearrowoftimenomorethanindicatesdirectionoftime,andnototherfunctionsormeanings.Accordingtoneedsofstatistics,wecertainlycouldusethearrowoftimetomarkthedirectionoftimelikethese(seefigurexandfigureybelow).Ofcourse,itwasnotwrongthatthearrowoftimewasdrawnascurve(seefigurez,“year”variesfrom365daysto366days).
時(shí)間就像地球的磁力線一樣也有一定的形狀。我們不能直接看到時(shí)間的形狀,但是可以通過物體的變化感知到某些時(shí)間運(yùn)行時(shí)留下的形狀。下面給出一些圖表,我將進(jìn)一步解釋時(shí)間的形狀到底是什么樣的。
Timeshaveshapes,similartothemagneticfieldlines.Wecannotdirectlyseetheshapesoftimes,butweareabletoperceivetheshapesoftimesthroughthechangesofobjects.Belowshowingsomecharts,Iwillexplainwhatkindsofshapestimeshave.
“圖表a”和“圖表b”是“某種運(yùn)動(dòng)與時(shí)間”關(guān)系的一種不同的坐標(biāo)描述方法,也就是某種運(yùn)動(dòng)從位置A(PositionA)到位置B(PositionB)的時(shí)間變化圖,即,時(shí)間隨著某種運(yùn)動(dòng)的變化是如何變化的。“圖表a”表示某種非直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)間變化圖;“圖表b”表示某種直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)間變化圖。從這兩個(gè)圖中,我們可以看出某種運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)間運(yùn)行(形狀)可以是直線的,也可以是曲線的。
Figurea.andFigurebindicatedthatwecoulddrawthecoordinatesof“motionandtime”inadifferentway.ThetwochartsdepictedthechangesoftimewithrespecttoacertainmotionfrompositionAtoB--timechangedfollowingwiththechangesofacertainmotion.“Figurea”showedushowthetimechangedwhenthemotionmovedalongwithnon-straightline;“Figureb”describedthetime’schangeswhilethemotionwentastraightline.Wewerealsotoldfrompicturesthatthetime’srunning(shape)ofcertainmotioncouldbecurvedorstraight.
舉一個(gè)具體例子,一輛汽車(M)從A點(diǎn)出發(fā),最后到達(dá)B點(diǎn)。如果M走一條直線,則M從A到B經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間是直線的,如圖b;如果M走的是一條曲線,則M從A到B經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間就是曲線的。多說一句,M從A到B經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間等于M從A到B每一點(diǎn)的時(shí)間累積。(詳看3.6節(jié))
Nowtakingarealinstance,acar(M)startedfrompointAandarrivedatpointB.IfMwentalongwithastraightline,itwasregardedthetimeofM’stravelfromAtoBwasstraight(figureb);IfMtraveledalongwithacurvedline,itwasregardedthetimeofM’stravelfromAtoBwascurvedornon-straightline(figurea).TheintervalofM’stravelingfromAtoBequaledtothecumulatingtimes,whichMspentbygoingthrougheverypointfromAtoB.Detailedinsection6below.
看“圖表c,”它描述的是“年”與時(shí)間(time)的關(guān)系。我們暫且把地球繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)看成是圓形的。這個(gè)周期(客觀時(shí)間)就是這個(gè)圓上的時(shí)間“一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)”組成的,我們可以說這個(gè)周期(客觀時(shí)間)是圓形的?,F(xiàn)在我們把這個(gè)周期人為定義為“年,”(year)大家知道,“年”也是有變化的,“年”并不是絕對(duì)的365天,“年”的平均時(shí)間是365.2421天。通常“今年”(thisyear)與“去年”(lastyear)是不相同,這就是我們公歷(theGregoriancalendarorsolarcalendar)有閏年(leapyear)的原因。再如,一般情況下,我們知道時(shí)鐘和手表都有“秒針,”時(shí)鐘和手表的秒針轉(zhuǎn)一圈,它告訴我們時(shí)間過去了一分鐘,而對(duì)于“秒針”來說它經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間也是個(gè)圓形的。
FromFigurec,itdepictstherelationshipof“year”and“time.”Here,theorbitoftheEarth’smovingaroundtheSunistentativelyconsideredround.Thisperiod(akindofobjectivetimes)consistsofevery“pointoftime”onthiscircle,sowecancallthisperiodisround.Nowwechangetocallthisperiodas“year.”“Year”isnotexactlyequalto“365days”or“366days.”Itequalsto365.2421daysonaverage.“Thisyear”isnormallydifferentfrom“l(fā)astyear,”thatiswhyourcalendar(theGregoriancalendarorsolarcalendar)hasleapyear.Foranotherexample,thewatchorclockhas“secondhand.”Thesecondhandgoesacircuitthattellsustimepassesaminute.Forthe“secondhand”,timeitwentthroughcouldbecalled“roundinshape.”
再來看看“圖表d,”這個(gè)圖是用另一種方式表示地球繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)周期與時(shí)間的關(guān)系,我們就用“年”(year)概念表示,“年”的變化范圍從365天到366天之間。從這個(gè)圖中,我們看到時(shí)間“年”被描述成一個(gè)曲線形。
我們還可以得出,如何去描述時(shí)間的規(guī)律性取決于你想告訴大家什么,比如,從“圖表c,”你可以說“年”這個(gè)時(shí)間是圓形的;或者,從“圖表d,”你可以說,“年”是在365天和366天之間變化的,并且“年”在這個(gè)時(shí)間坐標(biāo)里表現(xiàn)出的是曲線形的。
FromFigured,itshowstherelationshipof“year”and“time”indifferentway.“Year”variesfrom365daysto366days.Fromthischart,weseethetime(“year”)wasalsodescribedasacurvedline.Howtodescribetheregularitiesoftimesdependsonwhatyouwanttotell,forexample,“year”isround”(Figurec),or“year”variesfrom365daysto366days(Figured)and“year”iscurvedinthetimecoordinate.
通過上面的一些圖例,我們可以得出這樣的結(jié)論:時(shí)間可以是直線的,時(shí)間可以是曲線的,時(shí)間可以是圓形的,結(jié)論是,時(shí)間有形狀,但沒有固定形狀。
Accordingtotheparadigmsanddiagramsabove,wecandrawaconclusionthattimecanbestraight,timecanbecurvedandtimecanberounded.Inresult,timehasshape,buthasnotfixedshape.
這里需要提醒注意的是,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)區(qū)分具體時(shí)間概念和抽象時(shí)間概念。具體時(shí)間是可以被度量的,它也是我們度量系統(tǒng)的一部分;抽象時(shí)間說的是時(shí)間的定義和時(shí)間的本質(zhì),就是說,抽象時(shí)間不可以用來度量的。
上面的章節(jié)中,我們已經(jīng)對(duì)具體時(shí)間概念(包括客觀時(shí)間和主觀時(shí)間等等概念)有了許多討論,下面我們將討論時(shí)間的一般概念(抽象概念)問題。希望以前的討論會(huì)對(duì)我們下面對(duì)時(shí)間的進(jìn)一步研究有所幫助。
Itneedstomentionthatwemustdistinguishtheconcreteconceptoftimefromtheabstractconceptoftime.Theconcretetimecanbemeasured—itisapartofourmeasurementsystems;theabstracttimeisknownasthedefinitionoftimeandtheessenceoftime,andtheabstracttimecannotbemeasured.
Wehavealreadydiscussedtheconcreteconceptoftime(includedtheobjectivetime,thesubjectivetimeandmanyothernotions),whichcouldbehelpfultounderstandtheabstractconceptoftimebelow.
5.時(shí)間的定義是什么?時(shí)間的本質(zhì)是什么?
Whatisthedefinitionoftime?Whatistheessenceoftime?
什么是時(shí)間?回答這個(gè)問題也就是找出時(shí)間的定義和時(shí)間的本質(zhì)。哲學(xué)家和科學(xué)家從沒有停止過對(duì)時(shí)間的探討??茖W(xué)上兩次重大飛躍的代表人物牛頓和愛因斯坦,其理論都是和時(shí)間概念緊密相連的??上У氖撬麄兊淖⒁饬κ窃谖锢韺W(xué)上,而并沒有認(rèn)真思考時(shí)間的定義和解釋時(shí)間的本質(zhì)。
Whatistime?Answeringwhatistime,namelywewouldfindoutthedefinitionandtheessenceoftime.Howtodefinethetimeisalongstandingissueinscienceandinphilosophy.Twosciencerepresentatives—IsaacNewtonandAlbertEinstein,theirtheoriesintensivelyreferredtotime.Regrettablytheydidnotseriouslyspeculatewhatwasthedefinitionoftimeandwhatwastheessenceoftime.
我們現(xiàn)在對(duì)時(shí)間的概念大部分被相對(duì)論的時(shí)空概念所左右,對(duì)時(shí)間的理解也僅停留在時(shí)間是“相對(duì)”的概念上。我認(rèn)為,相對(duì)時(shí)間概念不能看成比絕對(duì)時(shí)間概念優(yōu)越,不準(zhǔn)確地說,它們是“錢幣”的兩個(gè)方面。另外,我們可以得到的時(shí)間定義主要來源于字典和百科全書,其定義也是各不相同,下面我列出一些它們對(duì)時(shí)間的解釋,這些詮釋基本代表了人類以前對(duì)時(shí)間的主流認(rèn)識(shí)。
Nowadaysourunderstandingsoftime,inanycase,havebeenmasteredbyRelativity,andmostpeoplestillremainrealizingthattimewasmerelyrelative.Inmyopinion,the“relativeconcept”oftimewasnotconsideredpriortothe“absoluteconcept”oftime,andimpreciselytheylookedlikeadouble-sidescoin.Inaddition,wehadtofacethedifferentexplanationsoftimewhilelookingupthedictionariesandencyclopedia.TheviewpointsIlistedbelowbasicallyrepresentedourpreviouscomprehensionoftime.
OxfordDictionary:
Time:theindefinitecontinuedprogressofexistence,events,etc.,inpast,present,andfutureregardedasawhole.
LongmanDictionary:
Time:acontinuousmeasurablequantityfromthepast,throughthepresent,andintothefuture.
TheAmericanHeritageDictionary:
Time:anon-spatiallinearcontinuuminwhicheventsoccurinanapparentlyirreversiblesuccession.
InterpretationfromWikipedia—web-basedencyclopedia(Aug.22,2006)
Timegenerallyreferstotheconceptofauniversalprocessormediumwhichallowsallphysicalchangesinthepresenttobecomeeventsinthepast.…
Timehasbeenamajorsubjectofscience,philosophyandart.Thoughdictionariespresentsome(varied)definitionsoftime,itisdifficulttoprovideanuncontroversialdefinitionbecausetherearewildlydivergentviewsaboutitsmeaning,andconcernsaboutwherethereareanysimplertermswithwhichtodefineit.…Toavoidthesedefinitionalproblems,manyfieldsusean‘operationaldefinition’inwhichonlytheunitsofmeasurementaredefined.
FromEncyclopediaBritannica
Timeisameasuredormeasurableperiod,acontinuumthatlacksspatialdimensions.Timeisofphilosophicalinterestandisalsothesubjectofmathematicalandscientificinvestigation.
我們還可以查到一些其他解釋,我不能說它們都是錯(cuò)的,就像我說“時(shí)間就是時(shí)間”一樣,或者絕大多數(shù)解釋都是描述了一個(gè)時(shí)間的發(fā)生過程。你所看到的對(duì)時(shí)間的解釋,包括上面列出的,也許可以幫助你接下來我對(duì)時(shí)間定義和時(shí)間本質(zhì)的論述。
Wecouldstillfindoutsomeotherdefinitions,whichIcouldhardlysaytheywerewrong,suchasIsaid“timeistime,”ormostofthemdescribedaprocessoftimeoccurrence.Some,includingtheviewpointslistedabove,probablycouldhelpyouunderstandthedefinitionoftimeandtheessenceoftimesubsequently.
時(shí)間的定義:時(shí)間是任何變化的反映或描述。
Thedefinitionoftime:Timeisthereflectionordescriptionofchange.
所謂變化就是一種狀態(tài)從原態(tài)發(fā)成到不同。時(shí)間是變化的反映就是說,只要有變化就有時(shí)間的發(fā)生(產(chǎn)生),或者說,沒有變化就不會(huì)有時(shí)間。因此,我們可以得出這個(gè)結(jié)論,變化是時(shí)間的主體,而不是其他。那人類是不是時(shí)間的主體呢,當(dāng)然不是,因?yàn)闆]有人類,時(shí)間依然存在。
Changemeansthatastateoccursfromsametodifferent.Timeisthereflectionofchangemeansthereareoccurrencesoftimeaslongastherearechanges,i.e.ifthereisnochange,thereisnotime.Therefore,wecouldgetaconclusionthatChangeistheonlysubjectoftime,noothers.However,ifhumansarethesubjectoftime,theanswerisno,becausetherearenohumans,timestillcanexist.
我們先不去管哲學(xué)上關(guān)于主體和客體的爭(zhēng)論,這里說的主體與客體的關(guān)系意思是,沒有主體(主的,主因)就沒有客體(從屬的)存在,也就是說,客體(時(shí)間)服從(屈從)與主體(變化)。
Regardlessoftheargumentaboutthesubjectandobjectinphilosophy,hereinthearticlereferringtothesubjectandobject,itmeansifthereisnosubject(mainormaincause),thereisnoreasonforobject(subordinate)toexist,inanotherword,theobject(e.g.time)mustyieldtothesubject(e.g.change).
需要提一句,時(shí)間不是唯一描述變化的。我們知道空間有變化,例如,汽球的空間可大可?。晃镔|(zhì)有變化,例如,物質(zhì)的運(yùn)動(dòng),物質(zhì)的體積,物質(zhì)的形態(tài)都可能有變化;我們的思想也有變化,例如,昨天你還認(rèn)為地球是平的,今天就認(rèn)為是圓的了;當(dāng)然,時(shí)間本身也有變化,最簡(jiǎn)單的例子,我們都知道時(shí)間是不停往前走,“現(xiàn)在”的后面是“過去,”“現(xiàn)在”的前面是‘未來’。所有這些變化都可以用時(shí)間來描述,例如,在重力的作用下,空間從狀態(tài)A彎曲到狀態(tài)B,花了3秒鐘;月亮繞地球的運(yùn)行周期大約是29.53天(這就是陰歷月的由來),等等。
需要注意的是,時(shí)間并不是反映或描述空間,物質(zhì)等具體的個(gè)體的,而是反映和描述它們的變化的,時(shí)間,空間,物質(zhì)都是獨(dú)立的存在。
Timeisalsoconsideredmerelytodescribethechange.Weknowspacecouldchange,e.g.,thespaceinsideaballooncouldbesmallerorbigger,orspacecouldbecurved;mattercouldchange,e.g.,themotionandthevolumeofmattercouldchange;ourthoughtscouldchange,e.g.yesterdayhethoughttheEarthisflat,buttodayhethoughttheEarthisround;certainlytimeitselfcouldchange,totakeaninstance,weknowtimegoestowardsthefuture,thepastisbehindthepresent,thefutureisaheadofthepresent.Allchangesmentionedabovecanbedescribedbyusingtheconceptoftime,e.g.,thechangeofspacewhichcurvedbygravitationfromstateAtostateBtookthreeseconds;theperiodoftheMoon’srotationaroundtheEarthisabout29.53days(called“month”inlunarcalendar)andsoon.Andtimedidnotreflectordescribethespaceormatterotherthantheirchanges,i.e.timedidnotmeantodescribecertainbodies,buttheirchanges.Itneedstomentionherethattime,spaceandmatteraredifferentandindependentexistences
變化當(dāng)然也可以用其他概念來描述,例如,長(zhǎng)度,質(zhì)量,溫度,力,面積,速度,功率等,它們都可以反映某種存在或現(xiàn)象的變化。用什么概念去描述某種存在或現(xiàn)象,這要看你想去研究這種存在或現(xiàn)象的什么樣的規(guī)律性或規(guī)則。去描述我們生活中的某個(gè)事件,我們可以選擇用時(shí)間這個(gè)概念,當(dāng)然,也可以選擇其他的概念,例如,“這輛車的事故發(fā)生在3天前;”“這輛車發(fā)生了事故是因?yàn)樘鞖鈵毫??!?/p>
Also,changecanbedescribedbyusingotherconcepts,forexample,length,mass,temperature,force,area,velocity,power,etc.,theycanalsotellusthechangesofcertainexistencesorphenomena,andwhatexistencesorphenomenawewanttodescribebyusingtheconceptsabovedependsonwhatregularitiesorlawswewanttotell.Todescribetheeventsinourlives,wecanchoosetheconceptoftime,ofcourse,aswellasotherconcepts,e.g.,“thecaraccidenthappenedthreedaysago;”“thecaraccidenthappenedbecauseofthebadweather.”
宇宙中包括宇宙本身,永遠(yuǎn)存在變化,如果宇宙中沒有了變化,宇宙就結(jié)束了,時(shí)間也無從談起。說宇宙是物質(zhì)的或運(yùn)動(dòng)的,不如說宇宙是變化的。我們順便看一下物理上運(yùn)動(dòng)的定義:一個(gè)物體相應(yīng)另一個(gè)物體的位置變化。(大英百科)
我們知道,要描述和定義一個(gè)概念(比如,宇宙),應(yīng)該包括它所有的組成。宇宙的組成不僅有物質(zhì)部分,它還有非物質(zhì)(non-matter)部分,例如空間,時(shí)間,意識(shí)都是非物質(zhì)部分,因此,不能說宇宙就是物質(zhì)的。
Always,therearechangesintheuniverseanduniverseitself.Iftherewerenotchanges,theuniversewouldend,andwewouldhavenowaytotalkabouttime.Theuniversewouldratherbecalledsubstantialorinmotionthantheuniverseisalwaysinchange.Nowtakealookatthedefinitionofmotioninphysicsthatmotionmeansthechangeofpositionofonebodywithrespecttoanother(Encyclopedia).
Todepictordefineacertainconcept(e.g.,theUniverse),wehavetotellthewholecompositionsofthisconcept.Theuniverseconsistsofnotonlythephysicalpartsbutalsothenon-matterparts(e.g.non-matterpartsincludespace,time,consciousness,etc.),asaconsequence,wecouldnotcalltheuniverseisonlysubstantialorphysical.
傳統(tǒng)上,科學(xué)的發(fā)展是圍繞“物質(zhì)概念”展開的,因此上,從某種角度說,這個(gè)世界是也就建立在某種“物質(zhì)”上了,因而,對(duì)宇宙中非物質(zhì)部分的研究相對(duì)進(jìn)展較慢,盡管對(duì)意識(shí)對(duì)爭(zhēng)論持續(xù)了幾千年,但到現(xiàn)在我們還是沒有弄懂意識(shí)的本質(zhì)是什么,可喜的是,我們已有了思維科學(xué)的研究,當(dāng)然,倫理和道德規(guī)范也包括在里面了,困難的是,我們必須用思維去研究思維。
Intradition,sciencedevelopedaroundthe“theconceptofmatter,”andsimilarly,insomeways,ourworldwasbuiltupby“matter,”andtheresearchesofnon-matterpartsdevelopedslowly.Thoughtheargumentsofconsciousnesslastedforthousandsofyears,wehavenotknownwhattheessenceofconsciousnessshouldbe.Itiscongratulatedthatsomepeopleestablishedthebrainscienceorthinkingscience,aswellas“ethics”.Thehardthingistousethinkingtothinkthinking.
相對(duì)論讓我們對(duì)空間和時(shí)間有了進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí),令人困惑的是,愛因斯坦把時(shí)間和空間綁在了一起,而后來的繼承者也無沒有把時(shí)空(space-time)拆開,也就是說,他們忽略了時(shí)間的客觀性,即時(shí)間是一種客觀存在,并不是他們認(rèn)為的是想像的“東西?!绷硗猓鶕?jù)相對(duì)論,時(shí)空是一起被彎曲的,我們已經(jīng)知道變化是時(shí)間的主體,我很想知道引力如何能扭曲“變化?!边€有,我也想知道,為什么沒有定義空間的國(guó)際單位,也沒有人合理地解答空間的本質(zhì),相比之下,我們卻有時(shí)間的國(guó)際單位,而接下來我會(huì)對(duì)時(shí)間的本質(zhì)進(jìn)行解釋,這里,我不想談?wù)撎嚓P(guān)于空間的事,我想強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,時(shí)間是用來描述空間的變化的,而不是用來描述空間本身,時(shí)間是不從屬空間的。
AndRelativityhasmadeusunderstandspaceandtimemore,butitwasconfusingthatAlbertEinsteinboundupspaceandtimeintotogether.Moreover,thesuccessorswerenotabletotake“space-time”apart,i.e.actuallytheyneglectedtime’sobjectivity--timeisakindofexistencesanditisnotanimaginarything.Inaddition,accordingtoRelativity,space-timecouldbecurvedtogether.Wehavealreadyknownthatchangeisthesubjectoftime,andIreallywanttoknowhowthegravitationwouldcurvethe“change.”AndalsoIwaswonderingwhywecouldnotdefinetheunitofspaceorcouldnotanswertheessenceofspace,bycontrast,timehaditsunit(s),andIwillanswertheessenceoftimelateron.Iwouldnotliketotalkspacemuchhere,whatIconcernedisthattimeistodescribethechangeofspace,andnotspaceitself.Timedoesnotsubjecttospace.
時(shí)間的本質(zhì)是什么?
Whatistheessenceoftime?
幾乎每個(gè)人家里都有時(shí)鐘(clock)。時(shí)鐘的“滴答聲”讓我們意識(shí)到時(shí)間的存在,它還告訴我們時(shí)間正在流逝。時(shí)間總是流向未來,就算宇宙膨脹到一定時(shí)候往回坍縮,宇宙時(shí)間還是向前走的,膨脹(BigRip)和坍縮(BigCrunch)應(yīng)看成是宇宙變化全過程中的一部分。時(shí)間是否可以回到過去?我覺得想像是一種財(cái)富,我的確很想重過大學(xué)生活。
Almosteveryfamilyhastheclockonthewall.Theticksfromtheclocktellustheexistenceoftime,andalsoletusknowtimeiselapsing.Timealwaysflowstowardsthefuture,eveniftheuniverseshouldcollapsebackwhentheexpansionstopped,theuniversaltimewouldstillproceed.Thecollapse(BigCrunch)andexpansion(BigRip)shouldberegardedasthepartsofthewholeevolutionoftheCosmos.Couldtimegobacktothepast?Ireallythinktheimaginationisakindoftreasures,andIreallywishtogobacktotheuniversitytostudyagain.
時(shí)間是一種存在,它既是客觀的,又是主觀的。客觀性就是不受思想所支配,或獨(dú)立于意識(shí)之外的存在,例如,月亮繞地球的運(yùn)行周期,它在人類出現(xiàn)之前就存在著。時(shí)間又是主觀的,例如,我們?nèi)諝v的月份(month)可以定義為30天,也可以定義為31天,而2月份(Feb.),我們有28天和29天。最好不要去修改客觀時(shí)間,比如,把月亮“推”得運(yùn)行快一些,但主觀時(shí)間可以根據(jù)具體情況進(jìn)行調(diào)整,夏時(shí)制(DaylightSavingTime)就是一個(gè)例子。
Timeisakindofexistences,anditisobjectiveaswellassubjective.Talkingaboutitsobjectivity—athingexternaltothethinkingmind(consciousness)orsubject,forexample,asknown,theperiodoftheMoon’srotationaroundtheEarth,itexistedmuchearlierthanhumansdid.Timecouldbesubjective,forexample,the“month”,akindofsubjectivetimes,inouractualcalendarisdefinedassomeare31days,someare30daysandFebruarycanbealteredas28daysor29days.Itwouldbethebetterwaynottochangetheobjectivetime,e.g.“pushing”theMoontomovemorequickly.Butthesubjectivetimecanbeadjustedbyus,whichDaylightSavingTime(DST)isagoodexample.
時(shí)間的本質(zhì),我歸納以下幾點(diǎn):
時(shí)間是一種存在,既是客觀的,又是主觀的。
變化是時(shí)間的主體,而不是其他;沒有變化就不產(chǎn)生時(shí)間。
時(shí)間由時(shí)間單位組成。
時(shí)間沒有固定形狀,時(shí)間流向未來。
Theessenceoftimeisconcludedbelowbyfarweknow:
Timeisakindofexistences;itisbothobjectiveandsubjective.
Changeistheonlysubjectoftime,noothers;ifthereisnochange,thereisnooccurrenceoftime.
Timeconsistsoftheunit(units)oftime.
Timehasnotfixedshape;timegoes(flows)towardsthefuture.
6.時(shí)間的表達(dá)式(theformulationoftime)
Theformulationoftime
時(shí)間是客觀世界的一種存在;時(shí)間也可以有規(guī)律性。我們以往習(xí)慣于通過時(shí)間坐標(biāo)研究某種事情的變化(例如,運(yùn)動(dòng));實(shí)事上,我們很少通過坐標(biāo)來研究時(shí)間的變化。方便起見,我建議今后使用坐標(biāo)系來研究時(shí)間時(shí),用x-time暗示“x”為縱坐標(biāo)軸,“time”為橫坐標(biāo)軸;time-x暗示為“time”為縱坐標(biāo)軸(ordinate),“x”為橫坐標(biāo)軸(abscissa)。
為計(jì)算和測(cè)量某一具體時(shí)間(t),我這里給出一個(gè)時(shí)間的表達(dá)式:
總體闡述:
•時(shí)間(t)等于每一事情(everything)從原狀態(tài)A發(fā)生到不同狀態(tài)B的每一個(gè)時(shí)間單位的積分。
•時(shí)間不會(huì)自行倒退。
時(shí)間的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式:
•t=f(x)
•t=∫abf(x)dx
x在區(qū)間[a,b]里。
Timeisakindofexistencesintheuniverse,thereforetimecouldhaveregularity.Beforenow,weusuallystudiedthechangesofthecertain“things”bytimecoordinates,andinfactweseldomstudiedthechangesoftimebythecoordinatesystems.Fortheconvenience,Iwouldliketosuggest,whenwedepictthecoordinatesreferringtotimeinthefuture,that“x-time”wouldimply“x”asordinateand“time”asabscissa;“time-x”wouldimply“time”asordinateand“x”asabscissa.
Tocomputeormeasureacertaintime(t),belowindicatetheformulationoftime.
Generalformulation:
•Time(t),thatoccurredwheneverythinghappenedfromsamestate(A)todifferentstate(B),equalstotheintegralsofeveryunitoftime.
•Timecannotgobackwardsautomatically.
Theexpressioninmathematics:
•t=f(x)
•t=∫abf(x)dx
xontheinterval[a,b]
7.時(shí)間系統(tǒng)圖
Thechartof“TimeSystem”
具體的時(shí)間包括客觀時(shí)間和主觀時(shí)間,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)和利用客觀時(shí)間,而主觀時(shí)間則是我們?nèi)祟惖膽?yīng)用時(shí)間。下面這個(gè)圖表或許可以幫助你理解和記憶整個(gè)時(shí)間概念。
Theconcretetimesrefertotheobjectivetimeandthesubjectivetime.Theobjectivetimemightbediscoveredandutilizedbyus,andthesubjectivetimeisourappliedtimesystem.Thischartmighthelpusrememberandcomprehendtheconceptoftime.
結(jié)束語:
Endremarks:
時(shí)間理論不僅是呈現(xiàn)了對(duì)時(shí)間進(jìn)行了分類和對(duì)時(shí)間的全面闡述,而更重要的是它反映出的是我們?cè)谔剿饔钪嬲胬磉^程中的一次努力。所謂的“宇宙真理,”我的理解是應(yīng)當(dāng)包括以下內(nèi)容:
創(chuàng)造或自然發(fā)生。即宇宙與人類起源問題。
簡(jiǎn)單說一句,世界上許許多多的人相信創(chuàng)造論,先不去管誰對(duì)誰錯(cuò),大家都是在探討真理和生命的意義。
存在與現(xiàn)象的解釋。即宇宙與宇宙中的規(guī)律性問題。
宇宙的定義與本質(zhì)。即哲學(xué)上的宇宙概念問題。
宇宙與人類命運(yùn)問題。
尋求宇宙真理使得我們的生命和人類的生活變得有了意義。
Thetheoryoftimehasshownnotonlytheclassificationandinterpretationoftime,butalsoimportantlyitreflectedoneofoureffortsoftheexplorationsfortheTruthoftheCosmos.So-calledtheTruthoftheCosmos,Irealizeditshouldincludesomecontentsbelow:
Createdoroccurrednaturally,namelythequestionsabouttheoriginoftheCosmosandman.
Interpretationsofexistencesandphenomena,namelythequestionsaboutthelawsorrulesoftheCosmositself,existencesandphenomenaintheCosmos.
DefinitionandessenceoftheCosmos,namelythephilosophicalnotionoftheCosmos.
DestinyoftheCosmosandhumanbeings.
SeekingfortheTruthoftheCosmosmakesthelifeofhumankindbecomesignificant.
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