英文論文翻譯范文
時(shí)間:2023-04-06 09:14:46
導(dǎo)語(yǔ):如何才能寫好一篇英文論文翻譯,這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻(xiàn),歡迎閱讀由公務(wù)員之家整理的十篇范文,供你借鑒。
篇1
隨著全球一體化進(jìn)程的加快,世界各國(guó)間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交流日益加強(qiáng),商務(wù)活動(dòng)越來(lái)越頻繁。在日新月異、錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的商務(wù)環(huán)境中,一些商務(wù)期刊論文中的經(jīng)濟(jì)觀點(diǎn)、商務(wù)投資方法能夠幫助商務(wù)人士看清大局,從而更好地從事商務(wù)活動(dòng)。商業(yè)期刊論文是調(diào)查、分析和解釋社會(huì)商業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融活動(dòng)及變化問(wèn)題的論文,其語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)與日常交際英語(yǔ)不同,具有自身的特點(diǎn)和風(fēng)格。
紐馬克在所著的《翻譯問(wèn)題探討》一書中提出了交際翻譯理論觀(紐馬克,2001)。交際翻譯理論認(rèn)為翻譯的主要目的是信息傳達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性,因此在翻譯過(guò)程中要以譯文的整體效果為主,與此同時(shí)也要盡量做到簡(jiǎn)潔明了和提高譯文的可理解性,不必太過(guò)拘泥原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式而使譯文模糊而晦澀難懂(康健,2006)。該理論為商務(wù)期刊論文摘要的英譯提供了新的翻譯思路與方法。
2.研究理論基礎(chǔ)
英國(guó)翻譯理論家紐馬克在著作《翻譯教程》中根據(jù)其語(yǔ)言功能將文本分為表達(dá)型文本、信息型文本和呼喚型文本這三大類,他還提出語(yǔ)言的主要功能表現(xiàn)為表達(dá)型、描述或信息型呼喚指示型側(cè)重于表達(dá)功能的文本,主要是表達(dá)情感,不考慮讀者的反應(yīng)(紐馬克,1988)。在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)該結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,注意作者的語(yǔ)氣及語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格。側(cè)重于信息表達(dá)類的文本,主要強(qiáng)調(diào)其“真實(shí)性”,它基本上涉及全部知識(shí)領(lǐng)域,其模式十分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。主要的翻譯策略是語(yǔ)義翻譯和交際翻譯。
商務(wù)文本的本質(zhì)是由語(yǔ)言和非語(yǔ)言手段的共同組成的商務(wù)交際行為,是在商務(wù)交際活動(dòng)中為達(dá)到特定的商務(wù)目的而構(gòu)建的一系列相互關(guān)聯(lián)的商務(wù)交際功能。商務(wù)期刊論文文本內(nèi)容廣泛,涉及各行業(yè)各業(yè),不同領(lǐng)域。其語(yǔ)言跨度較大,包含多種文體、多種行業(yè)知識(shí)。英文論文摘要是一種獨(dú)特的文本。其具有自明性、獨(dú)立性和完整性,能夠吸引讀者,概括原論文的重要內(nèi)容。商務(wù)期刊論文摘要具有“信息”和“呼喚”功能。翻譯文本決定了翻譯方法。
3.商務(wù)期刊論文摘要中譯英實(shí)例分析
3.1交際翻譯策略
交際翻譯策略的重點(diǎn)是根據(jù)目的語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言、文化和語(yǔ)用方式傳遞信息,而不是盡量忠實(shí)地復(fù)制原文的文字。通常采用交際翻譯的文體類型包括新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)、教科書、公共告示和其他很多非文學(xué)作品。
例1,營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略是企業(yè)全部營(yíng)銷工作的基石。市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷要制定企業(yè)的市場(chǎng)定位戰(zhàn)略,發(fā)掘市場(chǎng)潛在需求,確立消費(fèi)者品牌歸屬感,明確市場(chǎng)細(xì)分目標(biāo)。(米歇爾,2001)。
譯文:The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the enterprise whole marketing work. The marketing needs to formulate the strategy for marketing position, explore the potential need, and establish the consumers brand sense of belonging, and make sure the marketing subdivision(米歇爾,2001).
交際翻譯策略建議在不影響原文意義準(zhǔn)確性的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行增減。這篇商務(wù)期刊論文摘要旨在突出市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略的重要性及怎樣做好市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷,所以側(cè)重這一中心進(jìn)行翻譯及適當(dāng)?shù)卦鰷p詞。例如,第一句“營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略是企業(yè)全部營(yíng)銷工作的基石”可直接翻譯為“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the marketing work”,沒有翻譯“企業(yè)”讀者同樣可以體會(huì)到營(yíng)銷策略的重要性。“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the enterprise whole marketing work.”是很明顯的中式英語(yǔ),enterprise出現(xiàn)在中間有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。第二句是強(qiáng)調(diào)我們應(yīng)該怎樣進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷,關(guān)鍵是翻譯后面幾個(gè)要點(diǎn),所以前面兩句建議譯為:“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the marketing work. It is necessary to identify market position, explore potential market demand, establish a sense of brand ownership for the customers and specify the market target.”
3.2語(yǔ)義翻譯策略
語(yǔ)義翻譯重視的是原文的形式和原作者的原意,商務(wù)期刊論文摘要設(shè)計(jì)到許多經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易等方面的專有名詞,所以在語(yǔ)義翻譯的指導(dǎo)下可以讓其英文翻譯更加忠實(shí)原文。
中文摘要:從本質(zhì)上講,構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)的核心是調(diào)整兩大基本關(guān)系,即人與人的關(guān)系及人與自然的關(guān)系?;诹謽I(yè)的生態(tài)建設(shè)不僅可以協(xié)調(diào)人與自然的關(guān)系,而且有助于協(xié)調(diào)人與人之間的關(guān)系。林業(yè)在和諧社會(huì)的構(gòu)建中居于重要地位,發(fā)揮主要作用。為實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會(huì)效益的和諧,應(yīng)從發(fā)展目標(biāo)、戰(zhàn)略定位、范疇、經(jīng)營(yíng)方式、林權(quán)制度、生態(tài)價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)方式等六個(gè)方面論述和諧社會(huì)構(gòu)建過(guò)程中的林業(yè)發(fā)展模式(王奇,2008:12)。
譯文:A harmonious society should coordinate the two relationships: the one between man and man, and the other between man and nature, but the present mode of forestry development only focuses on the latter. This article indicated that the mode must be adjusted under the background of constructing harmonious society in china. The former part of this paper analyzes the role of forestry development in a harmonious society, and the latter part shows how the forestry mode should be developed in six different aspects such as the goal, strategy, role extension, management model, forest tenure reform, ecological value, ect.(王奇,2008:12).
該英文摘要總體上不錯(cuò),能夠較為全面地展現(xiàn)中文摘要的意思。但是根據(jù)紐馬克的語(yǔ)義翻譯原則,此英文摘要翻譯還可以完善。例如,英文摘要中“but the present mode of forestry development only focuses on the latter”在中文摘要中沒有出現(xiàn)這方面的意思。第二句中“This article indicated that the mode must be adjusted...”在中文中也沒有出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的文本。此處就違反語(yǔ)義翻譯“忠實(shí)原文”的規(guī)則。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義翻譯的原則,我們可以對(duì)于某些詞語(yǔ)添加注釋,充分理解中文摘要想要表達(dá)的意思。該英文論文摘要建議譯為:“A harmonious society lies in the coordination of the relationship between man and man, and between man and nature. Ecology-based forestry development facilitates the coordination of them, therefore, playing a vital important role in the constructing a harmonious society in China. Achieving the harmonious economic and social effects entails the construction of forestry model from six aspects such as development goal, strategic orientation, extent operation model, forest tenure reform, and ecological value, ect. ”
3.3交際翻譯與語(yǔ)義翻譯相結(jié)合
在很多情況下,對(duì)商務(wù)期刊論文摘要進(jìn)行翻譯時(shí),既要將其內(nèi)涵和基本含義表達(dá)出來(lái),又要達(dá)到與讀者產(chǎn)生共鳴的效果。因此,交際翻譯和語(yǔ)義翻譯相結(jié)合就能達(dá)到這兩個(gè)目的,只采用語(yǔ)義翻譯原則會(huì)忽略到讀者的感受。只是單方面利用交際翻譯,又會(huì)將原文的含義損失掉。例如某一商務(wù)期刊在談?wù)撋虅?wù)廣告時(shí),有一則酒店廣告“夜晚時(shí)分,這里的世界依然五彩繽紛”,這里不僅需要表達(dá)語(yǔ)義還需要表達(dá)出其美感,將交際翻譯與語(yǔ)義翻譯相結(jié)合則可以翻譯為“The colorful world doesn’t stop when it’s nightmare”,如果只是單純地考慮語(yǔ)義譯為“When it's night, the world is beautiful”,就難以達(dá)到前者所表達(dá)的效果。
篇2
關(guān)鍵詞: 英文影視作品 翻譯實(shí)例 翻譯方法
英文影視名稱的翻譯與文本翻譯既有相同點(diǎn),又有不同點(diǎn)。相同的是:都要遵循翻譯的“信,達(dá),雅”,“既要忠實(shí)原文,表達(dá)主旨,又要注重翻譯的藝術(shù)和美學(xué)效果”。不同的是:片名的翻譯有時(shí)還要考慮一定的商業(yè)目的。事實(shí)證明,那些曲解、誤解甚至完全主觀臆造的翻譯則不僅成為影視作品(特別是優(yōu)秀作品)發(fā)行推廣的絆腳石,更成為誤人子弟的文化垃圾。相反,那些精準(zhǔn)而又雅俗共賞的翻譯作品就猶如一件件藝術(shù)精品,耐人尋味。2010年美國(guó)熱映的大片“Twilight”其中文名字叫做《暮光之城》,此名稱很好地展現(xiàn)了影片的藝術(shù)魅力和主旨,在暮色時(shí)分,這段跌宕起伏的冒險(xiǎn)故事才緩緩地拉開了帷幕。
因此,在英語(yǔ)影視作品名稱翻譯中,通常也可以遵循以下三種常用的翻譯處理方法:直譯法、意譯法、偏商業(yè)化的譯法。一方面,可以達(dá)到向觀眾準(zhǔn)確地宣傳和介紹優(yōu)秀的英語(yǔ)影視作品的目的;另一方面,也能讓英語(yǔ)愛好者體會(huì)到英文原名與中文譯名之間的轉(zhuǎn)化的美感,從中欣賞中西方語(yǔ)言和文化的魅力。
一、直譯法
一部好的影視作品片名翻譯,首先要求翻譯工作者在看懂影視作品內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確地將原片標(biāo)題翻譯出來(lái)。這樣的翻譯常常能讓觀眾一目了然,欣然接受。如Robinhood(《羅賓漢》),King Arthur(《亞瑟王》),The Kiss of the Dragon(《龍之吻》),English Patient(《英國(guó)病人》),First Blood(《第一滴血》),Cold Mountain(《冷山》),True Lies(《真實(shí)的謊言》),Dances with Wolves(《與狼共舞》),Perfect Storm(《完美風(fēng)暴》),Sahara(《撒哈拉》),Up in the Air(《在云端》)等這些翻譯都是比較直接地將原片名翻譯出來(lái),使我們很容易想到影片的內(nèi)容,也保持了影片的格調(diào)。
但是,如果有些影視作品名的翻譯與原文相差甚遠(yuǎn),不僅給人以錯(cuò)誤的提示,甚至完全混淆或扭曲原影視作品的意思。比如說(shuō)由蘇珊?薩蘭登主演的影片White Palace描寫不同階層之間的男女戀愛故事,劇情非常樸實(shí),演員的表演也很自然到位。本片導(dǎo)演路易斯?曼杜奇在影片的前半部還是拍出了很不錯(cuò)的情調(diào),對(duì)兩人對(duì)立鮮明的個(gè)性:溫文優(yōu)雅和美艷熱情也做了很好的戲劇性發(fā)揮??墒沁@部電影的名稱翻譯卻讓喜愛電影的朋友們大失所望?!肚樘袅禄ā愤@個(gè)譯名不僅降低了電影的水準(zhǔn),而且使觀眾誤以為是一部粗制濫造的言情片。后來(lái),又譯者將之改為《人間有情》,雖然又一定的局限性,但畢竟將電影的主旨健康地表現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。所以說(shuō),在很多時(shí)候,電影翻譯工作者要本著對(duì)觀眾高度的責(zé)任態(tài)度來(lái)完成翻譯任務(wù)。
二、意譯法
同直譯法相比,意譯法在影視作品的翻譯中所占的比重比較大。對(duì)影視作品的翻譯,可以通過(guò)合理歸化的手法,將外來(lái)文化與本土文化的最佳結(jié)合點(diǎn)翻譯出來(lái)。既盡量按照中國(guó)的文化特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,又將片名翻譯得盡可能符合中國(guó)觀眾的文化口味和審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn),從而最大限度地吸引觀眾。例如大嘴美女朱莉亞?羅伯茨主演的Pretty Woman(《風(fēng)月俏佳人》),有些地方將它直譯為《漂亮女郎》,尚可接受;但有些地方卻翻譯成《烏鴉變鳳凰》,未免有些差強(qiáng)人意,畢竟太缺乏書面語(yǔ)言的美感,只讓人感到口語(yǔ)的粗俗。而且“烏鴉”這種動(dòng)物在中國(guó)人的眼里是不吉祥的象征,所以如果以這個(gè)名字出現(xiàn),估計(jì)會(huì)嚇退很多品味高級(jí)的觀眾。還有不少根據(jù)劇情意思來(lái)翻譯的比較優(yōu)秀的作品,如:Ladykiller(《奶師殺手》),17 Again(《重回17歲》),Speed(《生死時(shí)速》),The Terminal(《幸福終點(diǎn)》),Born on the Fourth of July(《生逢七月四》),Vanilla Sky(《芳草天空》),Flawless(《完美無(wú)瑕》)等。
在翻譯影視作品片名時(shí),除了要尊重原片名所指的意思以外,還可以作適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚?表現(xiàn)出一定的美感。比如美國(guó)影片Blood and Sand傳到中國(guó)以后,用了《碧血黃沙》這個(gè)非常具有情景味道的譯名,是觀眾很快地聯(lián)想到了西部、大漠、荒涼等與影片相關(guān)的字眼。沒有只是簡(jiǎn)單地、直截了當(dāng)?shù)胤g成《血和沙》,相信前者比后者吸引到了更多的觀眾,從而保證了影片一定的票房率。深受中國(guó)小朋友們喜愛的動(dòng)畫片“Bugs Bunny”是華納公司的力作,片中的主人公是全球孩子們都熟悉的人物,這部動(dòng)畫電影有兩個(gè)譯名,分別是《兔寶寶》和《兔八哥》。相比之下,后者更能體現(xiàn)出兔八哥妙語(yǔ)連珠、俏皮逗人的個(gè)性。
三、偏商業(yè)化的譯法
影視作品也是具備相當(dāng)可觀商業(yè)價(jià)值的商品。在今天電影行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)異常激烈的情況下,作品名稱是否能夠吸引觀眾眼球成了影響票房率的重要因素之一。因此在片名翻譯時(shí),譯者要考慮到一定的商業(yè)價(jià)值。特別是美國(guó)好萊塢大片,動(dòng)輒斥資上億美元的巨資拍攝而成,但是如果譯者因?yàn)樽g名失敗,很有可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致影片票房的慘淡和制片方嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,都是非常令人惋惜的事情。因此,作為一名優(yōu)秀的、負(fù)責(zé)任的翻譯工作者,在片名的翻譯時(shí),既要考慮忠實(shí)于原片內(nèi)容,又要考慮到譯名是否會(huì)激發(fā)觀眾觀看的欲望,從而保證高額的票房回報(bào),這是非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性的研究課題。
在2008年,有一部由導(dǎo)演伊桑?科恩執(zhí)導(dǎo)的奧斯卡獲獎(jiǎng)影片No Country for Old Man(《老無(wú)所依》),就是憑借這個(gè)精心翻譯的片名,挑起了觀眾強(qiáng)烈的觀看欲望,最后在中國(guó)市場(chǎng)掀起了爭(zhēng)相觀看的熱潮。片中警長(zhǎng)埃德?貝爾代表片名中的“Old Men”,他在對(duì)一連串的殺人事件進(jìn)行調(diào)查,并努力保護(hù)Moss的安全。但是,讓Bell感到無(wú)力絕望的是,本來(lái)是維護(hù)社會(huì)制安的執(zhí)法者,現(xiàn)在卻變得束手無(wú)策,完全失去了作用,他使出渾身解數(shù)也無(wú)法追蹤到冷血?dú)⑹?Moss的生命安全也受到嚴(yán)重的威脅。老Bell一面驚異于社會(huì)的變化、人性和法制觀念的沒落,一面感嘆世界已超出他們的控制之外,懷念那曾有的公正和人性的溫暖。所以,這部片名的翻譯很有深意,它并非向觀眾想象的那樣俗套,而是真正體現(xiàn)了在這個(gè)社會(huì)上,我們所珍惜的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和是非尺度已經(jīng)漸漸遠(yuǎn)離了我們,當(dāng)困難發(fā)生時(shí),我們無(wú)所依靠,取而代之的是茫然和絕望,只有少數(shù)的人還在維護(hù)著最后的榮耀和正義,所以說(shuō),這個(gè)作品的翻譯是非常成功的。
更多的例子還有,比如:Face Off(《奪面雙雄》),The Scent(《聞香識(shí)女人》),Shakespeare in Love(《莎翁情史》),Captain Corelli’s Mandolin(《戰(zhàn)地情人》),Wild at Heart(《我心狂野》)以上的翻譯充分考慮到漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)及一定的商業(yè)目的,以吸引不觀眾的眼光,達(dá)到良好的票房效果。
四、結(jié)語(yǔ)
綜上所述,我們可以看出,那些優(yōu)秀的英語(yǔ)影視片名的翻譯,大多是在遵循基本的翻譯原則基礎(chǔ)上,巧妙靈活通過(guò)直譯、意譯或商業(yè)化等譯法等來(lái)處理的。當(dāng)然,片名的翻譯首先要能反映原片名的意思,也就是說(shuō)要首先忠于原意,然后恰當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄟ^(guò)文化的對(duì)等轉(zhuǎn)化意譯,或偏商業(yè)化等處理法進(jìn)行巧妙的加工和潤(rùn)色,這樣的片名翻譯才能贏得觀眾的認(rèn)可和喜愛。
翻譯工作者在進(jìn)行影視作品名稱翻譯的過(guò)程中,如果能本著為觀眾負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度,在影視名稱的翻譯上下功夫,那么就能為廣大的電影愛好者和英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者翻譯出貼切傳神的影視名稱。這樣,就不僅能夠向觀眾準(zhǔn)確地介紹影視作品,還能讓英語(yǔ)愛好者體會(huì)到英文原名與中文譯名之間的轉(zhuǎn)化的美感,從中欣賞到中西方語(yǔ)言和文化的魅力,從而為中西方文化的交流作出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。同時(shí),也希望廣大的英語(yǔ)愛好者能夠積極投身到這項(xiàng)有趣的工作中來(lái),集思廣益,為我們的翻譯事業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)自己的一份力量。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]金.等效翻譯探索(增訂版)[M].北京:中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,1997.
篇3
準(zhǔn)確性高商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函通常情況下會(huì)涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),因此,用語(yǔ)上必須準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,不能模棱兩可,杜絕不明朗的修飾語(yǔ)以及詞意不清的詞匯出現(xiàn)。商務(wù)信函的準(zhǔn)確性不僅體現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)確用詞和保證語(yǔ)法正確上,在數(shù)字和日期上展現(xiàn)的尤為顯著,在表達(dá)過(guò)程中,任何誤差都可能導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易交易失敗。語(yǔ)句嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)我國(guó)各企業(yè)在貿(mào)易活動(dòng)交流時(shí)也應(yīng)有所要求,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函在用詞和語(yǔ)法上有要求,不僅要求語(yǔ)法嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),還要求用詞精練。根據(jù)企業(yè)自身實(shí)際貿(mào)易需求,對(duì)交易中的各項(xiàng)要求需要逐一翻譯,務(wù)必保證語(yǔ)句嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),不出現(xiàn)低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函語(yǔ)句嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:一是使用短語(yǔ)代替時(shí)間介詞或連詞,降低語(yǔ)意不清的發(fā)生率;二是盡量回避日常用語(yǔ),避免給人不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)母杏X;三是針對(duì)信函中的復(fù)合詞,在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意用詞規(guī)范和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),避免企業(yè)遭受不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
二、商務(wù)信函翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.靈活而準(zhǔn)確商務(wù)信函記錄中需要實(shí)事求是地記錄,不需要華麗的語(yǔ)言,但在細(xì)節(jié)方面需要進(jìn)行修飾。信函的翻譯內(nèi)容需要簡(jiǎn)單明了、一絲不茍,在細(xì)節(jié)方面需要表達(dá)仔細(xì),避免不必要的疏忽造成交易失敗,從而造成企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,因此,翻譯中注意專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確、貿(mào)易中的具體細(xì)節(jié)清晰明了、翻譯內(nèi)容敘述連貫無(wú)誤(我們?cè)谥袊?guó)已有10多年經(jīng)營(yíng)襯衫的經(jīng)驗(yàn),公司產(chǎn)品在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)暢銷。)這樣的翻譯充分體現(xiàn)了商務(wù)信函的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和專業(yè)性。有禮有節(jié)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)是公函語(yǔ)體中的一種表現(xiàn)形式,在進(jìn)行翻譯工作時(shí),不僅要措辭準(zhǔn)確,還要講究禮貌,采用禮貌用詞婉轉(zhuǎn)地表達(dá)貿(mào)易中的各項(xiàng)要求,給對(duì)方企業(yè)留下好印象。例如,(望您查看附件我司的公司介紹,我們有合作的機(jī)會(huì)。)語(yǔ)句中強(qiáng)調(diào)了“望”“您”,注意了禮貌用語(yǔ)又將企業(yè)訴求婉轉(zhuǎn)地轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)給對(duì)方,體現(xiàn)了信函中的有禮有節(jié)。
2.符合公函問(wèn)題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和特征目前,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及原則都與企業(yè)的實(shí)際需求有關(guān),既要重在紀(jì)實(shí),又要遵循原文的內(nèi)容與公函的格式。例如在使用婉轉(zhuǎn)語(yǔ)氣時(shí),可以在詞語(yǔ)上進(jìn)行斟酌,前提是符合公函標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和特征,對(duì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的禮貌用語(yǔ)進(jìn)行修飾,從而促進(jìn)翻譯水平的提高。
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
篇4
忠實(shí)性是所有英語(yǔ)翻譯中最基本的指導(dǎo)原則,特別是對(duì)于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)。準(zhǔn)確地理解和翻譯具有一定文化內(nèi)涵的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞句的語(yǔ)用意義,對(duì)不同文化的商務(wù)活動(dòng)具有重要的意義。在解決商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的一些障礙,特別是文化方面的障礙時(shí),必須考慮語(yǔ)用因素,用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)用原則服務(wù)于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯。
二、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯與文化和語(yǔ)用的相互關(guān)系
語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究的是語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用。關(guān)于語(yǔ)用學(xué)的定義有多種,索振羽編著的《語(yǔ)用學(xué)教程》中指出的定義表達(dá)得較為明確?!罢Z(yǔ)用學(xué)研究在不同語(yǔ)境中話語(yǔ)意義的恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)和準(zhǔn)確的理解,尋找并確定使話語(yǔ)意義得以恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)和準(zhǔn)確的理解的基本原則和準(zhǔn)則?!焙?jiǎn)言之,語(yǔ)用指的是超越于語(yǔ)言本身的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯是一種語(yǔ)際轉(zhuǎn)換。它不僅包括語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)換,更涉及不同商業(yè)文化之間的溝通。著名語(yǔ)用學(xué)家Sperber&Wilson(1995:2)認(rèn)為“交際方式甚至比交際內(nèi)容更重要”,為了不同文化的商業(yè)交際的成功,譯者務(wù)必首先做到讓譯文讀者能夠與原文讀者一樣在推理原作者的信息意圖時(shí)具有同等的推理距離,而后考慮“再現(xiàn)原作者對(duì)其意向讀者所做出的假設(shè)集”。其中可能要涉及到每個(gè)具體假設(shè)的可及度的調(diào)整。這條原則被稱之為翻譯的語(yǔ)用推理距離等距原則之補(bǔ)充原則。在識(shí)別作者信息意圖時(shí)的推理線索可分為句法線索、語(yǔ)義線索、字形線索和語(yǔ)音線索,它們之間具有不可分割性。整個(gè)翻譯過(guò)程始于原語(yǔ)交際,原語(yǔ)交際又始于交際者角度上的明示過(guò)程而后是聽話人角度上的推理過(guò)程,因而為了保證譯文讀者能正確識(shí)別說(shuō)話人的信息意圖,譯者有義務(wù)根據(jù)雙方的認(rèn)知環(huán)境再現(xiàn)必要的推理線索,提供這些線索也是譯文再現(xiàn)原文連貫的必要保證。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯本身就是一種文化的交流,因此,在從事商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作時(shí),不僅應(yīng)精通語(yǔ)言本身,更應(yīng)熟知原語(yǔ)和譯語(yǔ)的文化。在跨文化商務(wù)交流過(guò)程中會(huì)不可避免地出現(xiàn)各種文化沖突,而恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用語(yǔ)言,化解文化矛盾,正是語(yǔ)用學(xué)的任務(wù)之一。語(yǔ)用準(zhǔn)則在很大程度上受文化準(zhǔn)則的制約,具有鮮明的文化特點(diǎn)。要想成功地運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言必須通曉其背景文化??缥幕恼Z(yǔ)用實(shí)際上就是在不同文化之間掌握靈活變通的手段,完成語(yǔ)意的恰當(dāng)表達(dá)。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯是一門綜合的學(xué)問(wèn)。譯者在通曉語(yǔ)言、了解相關(guān)文化背景的同時(shí),也應(yīng)掌握一些語(yǔ)用知識(shí)。從事商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的工作者都知道,語(yǔ)言中有許多詞匯和表達(dá)蘊(yùn)含語(yǔ)用涵義,這其中就包括不同民族的文化涵義。文化的淵源不同使詞語(yǔ)所承載的文化也必然有很大差異。當(dāng)詞語(yǔ)的指稱意義與深層的言內(nèi)意義表達(dá)不一致時(shí),譯者就應(yīng)善于進(jìn)行文化的移植和融合,以達(dá)到語(yǔ)用意義的等值轉(zhuǎn)換。由此可見,語(yǔ)用、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯與文化之間關(guān)系緊密,文化是基石,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯是轉(zhuǎn)換生成器,而語(yǔ)用是商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯這部機(jī)器的一個(gè)必備的應(yīng)用程序。三、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的語(yǔ)言文化語(yǔ)用與社交語(yǔ)用因素的相互關(guān)系
語(yǔ)用學(xué)是研究語(yǔ)言的使用和理解的一門語(yǔ)言學(xué)科,它研究說(shuō)話人如何利用語(yǔ)言和外部語(yǔ)境表達(dá)意義,同時(shí)也研究聽話人對(duì)說(shuō)話人說(shuō)出的話語(yǔ)的解碼和推理。人們的日常交際中,語(yǔ)言作為文化的載體,折射出其特有的文化內(nèi)涵。翻譯作為一種跨文化交際活動(dòng),是一種三元關(guān)系,即原文作者、譯者和譯文讀者三者之間進(jìn)行的思想、文化的傳遞活動(dòng)。譯者在其中起著關(guān)鍵的連接作用:他首先是聽話人,他需要利用自己的原語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、文化背景,并在翻譯過(guò)程中揣摩原語(yǔ)作者的翻譯意圖,通過(guò)自己的智力參與,運(yùn)用語(yǔ)用學(xué)原則進(jìn)行推理,對(duì)原語(yǔ)文本進(jìn)行解碼;繼而,譯者又轉(zhuǎn)換其角色,變成說(shuō)話人,他通過(guò)自己的目的語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí),結(jié)合目的語(yǔ)的文化背景,把握目的語(yǔ)讀者的理解程度,按照原作者的意圖、風(fēng)格,將對(duì)原文解碼的結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)給目的語(yǔ)讀者,讓他們達(dá)到與原文讀者大致相同的感受。在跨文化翻譯過(guò)程中,由于不同的譯者所處的文化背景不同,他們各自對(duì)原作的理解把握也不盡相同。這其中涉及到理解問(wèn)題、重構(gòu)問(wèn)題,語(yǔ)用和文化因素在譯文中的處理方法,以及原作的語(yǔ)用用意的傳達(dá)等問(wèn)題。在翻譯過(guò)程中,譯者應(yīng)充分理解語(yǔ)用學(xué)內(nèi)涵,立足于原文語(yǔ)境,充分挖掘原作作者的語(yǔ)用用意,利用文章中的各種語(yǔ)意關(guān)聯(lián),深刻理解文中蘊(yùn)涵的文化內(nèi)涵,同時(shí)還要結(jié)合讀者的理解程度,呈現(xiàn)給讀者通順流暢、接受程度高的譯文。這樣同時(shí)也就達(dá)到了文化翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與意義。例如不同的語(yǔ)言有自己的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和各自的詞匯體系,相互之間并非一一對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。如漢語(yǔ)中的“三角債”,若商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯成“Triangledebt”,外方會(huì)不知所云,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中經(jīng)常用“chaindebt”來(lái)表達(dá)此意。再如商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯“文物保護(hù)單位”這個(gè)詞組,如把它譯成“aculturalunit”,英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人會(huì)把其理解成“一個(gè)文化單位”,這就是由于把漢、英詞語(yǔ)一一對(duì)應(yīng)造成的語(yǔ)用失誤,正確譯法應(yīng)當(dāng)是“ahistoricrelic”。再如,“宣傳”一詞,如果不看語(yǔ)言環(huán)境直接把它譯為“propaganda”往往會(huì)造成語(yǔ)用失誤。因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)中,“宣傳”并無(wú)貶義,而英語(yǔ)中的“propaganda”卻帶有“欺騙性”的含義。這種把漢、英一一對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)用失誤還有:當(dāng)你幫某人做了一件事情,對(duì)方向你表示了謝意,你用漢語(yǔ)的回答自然就是“沒關(guān)系”、“不用謝”之類,而用英語(yǔ)卻不能說(shuō)“Nevermind”、“Don’tthankme”之類,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中Nevermind常用來(lái)表示道歉,而Don’tthankme根本不符合英語(yǔ)的社交場(chǎng)景與表達(dá)習(xí)慣。另外一種在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中發(fā)生的語(yǔ)言使用方面的失誤是由于套用母語(yǔ)的表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)或誤用英語(yǔ)的其他表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu),結(jié)果表意不清,令人不知所云。如下面這句話“世紀(jì)之交,中國(guó)外交空前活躍。”試看譯文“Attheturnofthecentury,China’sdiplomacyismostactive”本句在漢語(yǔ)中很常見,但如把它照譯成英文,則顯得有些Chinglish的味道,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中active的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是有生命的,把diplomacy和active搭配在一起并不恰當(dāng),如果譯為“TheturnofthecenturyfindsChinamostactiveonthediplomaticarena”則既傳達(dá)了原意,又符合語(yǔ)用規(guī)則。
篇5
關(guān)鍵詞:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)翻譯策略
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)是為國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)這一特定的專業(yè)學(xué)科服務(wù)的專門用途英語(yǔ),所涉及的專業(yè)范圍很廣,并具有獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象和表現(xiàn)內(nèi)容。同時(shí)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)法結(jié)雜,在翻譯過(guò)程中需要運(yùn)用一定的翻譯策略,以提高翻譯質(zhì)量。
一、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言詞匯方面的特點(diǎn)。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞匯具有術(shù)語(yǔ)性、普通詞的專業(yè)性、簡(jiǎn)約性和繁復(fù)性等特點(diǎn)。(1)多用專業(yè)詞匯,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)擁有數(shù)量可觀的專業(yè)詞匯,帶有很強(qiáng)的專業(yè)性,并且詞義專一。如:stock(n.)存貨repeatorder重復(fù)訂購(gòu)confirmedL/C(n.)保兌信用證;(2)用語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)潔,在口語(yǔ)和書面語(yǔ)中,盡量避免拖沓、繁瑣的語(yǔ)言。句式上的特點(diǎn),多用長(zhǎng)句:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)在句式上具有長(zhǎng)句多,有時(shí)整個(gè)一大段就是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句和多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
二、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯策略
1.一詞多譯及專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中詞匯的翻譯要根據(jù)前后搭配、上下文的聯(lián)系準(zhǔn)確選擇。如Premium這個(gè)詞有如下的漢譯:a.保險(xiǎn)費(fèi);b.額外費(fèi)用,附加費(fèi)c.超出平常價(jià),溢價(jià)。同一個(gè)詞,由于語(yǔ)境不同,其詞義可千差萬(wàn)別。試看下面例子:
Theycannotobtaincreditatallinthetrade.他們生意信譽(yù)已蕩然無(wú)存。
TheyhaveopenedthecoveringcreditwiththeBankofChina,London.他們已從倫敦中國(guó)銀行開立了有關(guān)信用證。
以上兩個(gè)句子credit詞義都有所區(qū)別。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中包含大量的詞匯,因此對(duì)于常見詞匯的精確運(yùn)用在翻譯中很重要。作為商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作者就要大量的掌握這些具有商務(wù)含義的普通詞和復(fù)合詞和縮略詞語(yǔ)。如價(jià)格常用術(shù)語(yǔ)FOB,CIF有其特定的專業(yè)內(nèi)容,又如C.W.O定貨付款;B/L提貨單;L/C信用證;C.O.D貨到付現(xiàn);W.P.A水漬險(xiǎn);bluechip藍(lán)籌股、績(jī)優(yōu)股;baddebt呆賬,等等。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯要遵循商務(wù)專業(yè)用語(yǔ)。所以要求商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作者要掌握大量的專業(yè)詞匯及翻譯技巧。
2.長(zhǎng)句的處理商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)句的構(gòu)成成分主要是定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。要翻譯好這些長(zhǎng)句,不能受原文長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,應(yīng)該將譯文的結(jié)構(gòu)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如:Afterall,onlyafewyearsearlierthecompanyhadsuccessfullyopenedaDisneythemeparkinJapan,bridgingtheenormousdifferencesbetweenJapaneseandAmericancultures.EuroDisney,atleastinitially,provedtobeanotherstoryentirely.幾年前,公司彌合了日美文化的巨大差異,在日本成功建立了一家迪斯尼主題樂(lè)園。但在歐洲建立迪斯尼樂(lè)園卻完全是另一番情景,至少先期階段并不成功。原文的bridgingtheenormousdifferencesbetweenJapaneseandAmericancultures根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系放在了主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前才符合事物發(fā)展的邏輯順序。atleastinitially放在句末起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。3.詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯
詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯是國(guó)際商務(wù)翻譯中常見的譯詞技巧。常見的有名詞與動(dòng)詞、介詞與動(dòng)詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯。
名詞與動(dòng)詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯,如:Beforethepaymentofthesetariffs,theimportedgoodswillbeinthecustodyofthecustoms.交關(guān)稅前,進(jìn)口貨物由海關(guān)保管。在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中,有時(shí)會(huì)遇到某些詞在詞典上難以找到貼切具體上下文詞義,如生搬硬套,譯文往往語(yǔ)意不清,甚至導(dǎo)致誤解。顯然不能正確表達(dá)原文的意義,所以需要進(jìn)一步的引申。領(lǐng)會(huì)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,把握句子、段落的聯(lián)系就句子內(nèi)部而言,英語(yǔ)重形合,句子各成分聯(lián)系緊密,漢語(yǔ)重意合,結(jié)構(gòu)松散,更多依賴句內(nèi)各成分的關(guān)系。漢語(yǔ)重視句子間的聯(lián)系,而英語(yǔ)不太重視句子間的聯(lián)系。Theeconomicgrowthratehasbeennoticeeablyaffectedbythechaoticstateofthemarket譯文:經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的速度受到市場(chǎng)混亂的影響,這是顯而易見的。(英語(yǔ)中noticeably是副詞,修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞affected,翻譯時(shí)將其當(dāng)作一個(gè)句子來(lái)處理反而符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。)Duringthehalf-hourtalk,thetwosidesexchangedviewsonthechoiceoftermsofpayment.buttheymadenomentionofthemethodoftransportation.譯文:在半小時(shí)的商談中,雙方就付款方式交換了意見,但沒有提到運(yùn)輸方式。(mention是名詞,譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)要變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞。)
4.詞量增減
在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯實(shí)踐中,詞量增減也是很重要的一個(gè)翻譯技巧。翻譯過(guò)程中要根據(jù)原文上下文意思、邏輯關(guān)系以及譯文語(yǔ)言句法特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣,在翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)增加原文字面沒有出現(xiàn)但實(shí)際內(nèi)容已包含詞,或者減去原文雖有但譯文語(yǔ)言表達(dá)用不著詞。適當(dāng)增詞、減詞,平衡斷句與并句的關(guān)系英漢語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)方式、修辭手段不盡,所以為使譯文更加精練,更符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá),有時(shí)需要省略部分詞語(yǔ);而有時(shí)為了使譯清楚,可按意義、修辭和句法的需要在譯文入原文無(wú)其詞而有其意的詞,使譯文更加。同時(shí)也可將原文的一句話分成幾句,或具體情況把兩句話合成一句,及將原文的作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整,這樣做的目的是使譯文的完整準(zhǔn)確。WearepleasedtohavereceivedyourinvitationtothesymposiumonInternet.非常高興收到了參加因特網(wǎng)會(huì)議的邀請(qǐng)。(省去代詞“我們”)。PerhapsyouhaveoverlookedthefactthatyouraccountforJulypurchaseshasnotyetbesettle.譯文:也許您忘了七月份購(gòu)貨帳還沒有結(jié)。(名詞fact不譯出)。
5.利用語(yǔ)境的作用有的時(shí)候,我們需要借助于語(yǔ)境的因素對(duì)文章進(jìn)行翻譯,換句話說(shuō),在經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)的翻譯中,有時(shí)候需要用直譯,有時(shí)候則需要用意譯,不管是直譯還是意譯都需要根據(jù)翻譯的客觀實(shí)際來(lái)決定,需要根據(jù)上下文、語(yǔ)境等因素決定。直譯難以措辭,或譯出后效果欠佳,即原文不能充分表達(dá)原意或譯文不通順生動(dòng)時(shí)就需要考慮上下文的語(yǔ)境因素從而進(jìn)行意譯,且一定要保證使疑問(wèn)能正確表達(dá)原文內(nèi)容,準(zhǔn)確再現(xiàn)原文的語(yǔ)氣精神,達(dá)到通順流暢。如:Pleaselosenotimeindispatchingourgoods.如果我們直譯這句話:請(qǐng)不要損失一點(diǎn)時(shí)間為我們的發(fā)貨。這樣的翻譯很拗口,不符合特定的經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)境和習(xí)慣,如果我們換種翻譯方法:請(qǐng)立即為我們發(fā)貨。這種譯文就比較地道。
總之,翻譯不但是一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換,也是一種文化交流。不僅要求譯者了解英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)和基本的翻譯技巧,也要熟悉兩種文化。因此,需要翻譯者在實(shí)踐中不斷的學(xué)習(xí)和磨練。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]馬.翻譯批評(píng)散論.中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2000.
篇6
Pun is one of the ancient trope, which is now widely used as a rhetorical means in advertisements, literature and drama. It is defined as "the humorous use of a word or words that are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications"[1]. Since pun contains comic and rakish language style which put the advertisement into the most suitable language environment, many advertisers would like to choose the pun as the most important way of expression in advertisements so that they can be more persuasive and touching. However, some discrepancy between different culture and languages sometimes makes pun untranslatable. For all these reasons, pun becomes the most charming but hard nut to crack.
1.1 The definition and features of pun
Pun is defined in Longman Dictionary of the English Language as "a witticism, involving the use of a word with more than one meaning, or of words having the same, or nearly the same sound but different meaning". A hinge is the pun itself, and a trigger refers to the intention and background that lies behind the puns.
1.2Classification of pun
As Xu Zhongbing(China) states in The Varieties and Translation of English Puns: "pun can be roughly divided into two parts. They are named paronomasia and antalaclasis[5]". Paronomasia always involves two words, which are similar in pronunciation but different in meaning. As for antalaclasis, it refers to the same word which is used twice or more, but each time it contains different meaning, according to English Writing and Rhetoric written by Prof. Wen Jun, a more specific approach of classification is concluded.. It classifies four categories of pun, that is, homophonic pun, paronomasia, antalaclasis and sylleptic pun.
Homophonic pun is the use of words, which are identical in pronunciation but different in spellings and meanings. For example, (1)"Make your every hello a real good-buy"(telephone advertisement). Here "buy" reminds people the image of "buy" and "good-bye". The advertiser tries to catch the customers eyes and assure that the purchase of their telephone is sensible..
Paronomasia involves two words which have similar pronunciation but different meanings. As the beneficial advertisement says that (2)"Drunk drivers often put the quart before the hearse". Here "quart" has similar pronunciation as "cart", while "hearse" has similar pronunciation as "horse". "quart" is a vessel for alcohol and "hearse" is a carriage specially used for conveying the dead to the grave. This pun is used to warn the drivers that drunk driving is dangerous and to remind them of the importance of safe driving.
Antalaclasis refers to a word used twice or more, but each time with a different meaning. For example, (3)"You need the strongest line of defense against gum disease"(advertisement of JNJ dental floss). It's a common sense that dental floss can keep teeth clean and healthy by defending against gum disease. Here "line" refers to both the material of dental floss and the defensive line against gum disease.
Sylleptic pun is similar to antalaclasis, but the word is used as a pun only once with two or more different meanings. With sylleptic puns, the advertisement can convey the information in fewer words. For example, (4)"money can not be grown on trees but it blossoms at our branches". This is the advertisement for Lloyd Bank in Britain. "Branch" is a pun and has two meanings: one is in agreement with "trees" in the first sentence, meaning "the arm of a tree"; the other meaning is "division and subsidiary bank". The bank smartly warns consumers that money can not be gained from trees but can be increased continuously once they save money in Lloyd Bank.
2. Function of puns in English advertisement
While the qualities of advertisements are evaluated, the following values are usually taken into consideration: information value, attention value, aesthetic value and memory value[6]. Information value is the most important of the four. Only when an advertisement i nforms readers of the details of products, such as quality, package and use can make consumers remember the products or be willing to buy them. Otherwise, the potential consumers are easy to be attracted by other products with similar topics and contents. Aesthetic value can create the sense of beauty, which can sometime determine whether the advertisement will succeed. The above three values turn the memory value into reality: to attract the consumers' eyes, to fulfill the purpose of the advertisement, and above all to persuade consumers to buy the products. Advertisers put pun in English advertisement because pun plays an important role in rhetoric and pragmatic areas.
2.1 Rhetoric function
From the rhetoric point of view, a pun is "a figure of speech which consists of similar words or phrases for rhetorical effect, whether humorous or serious"[7]. The pun is basically one of the rhetoric devices that can fulfill this purpose of attracting the attention of readers. A pun is so implicative that it leaves readers so much space for thought and association. The connection between the two respective words or the several relevant meaning conveyed by the same word is able to enrich both the content and the influence of the advertisements. Once the content of advertisement is distinctive with his own brand, it will be easy for the consumer to accept and trust the products the advertisement promotes. As for an advertisement, once attention has been drawn on it, it will merely be a matter of time for consumers to fall in love with it. As the proverb says: “A bit in the morning is better than nothing all day”. Pun is irreplaceable to catch the first eye in advertisements. For example: (5)"Cock refreshes you like no other can". The word "can" may be comprehended literally as "aluminum tin used to contain liquid" while it can also be considered as a modal verb. Therefore, the advertisement can be interpreted in two ways: "Cock refreshes you so greatly that no other drinks can refresh you" or "Cock is able to provide you the number one refreshment than doing other things can achieve. Above all, this advertisement aims to state the function of cock—to bring people the feeling of delight and refreshment.
2.2 Pragmatic function
From the pragmatic point of view, the advertisement with pun can provide information so that the audience can come to know the details of products. Because the use of puns can strength the attention value and direct function of the advertising language, the advertisement with puns inspires the audiences' interest in reading. According to Tanaka, the reason why a pun can cause the interest is that it can create ambiguity, which stimulates the audiences high on processing and discover the connotation. In this way, reader can remember the advertisement deeply, which the purpose of the advertisement is fulfiled . For example,
(6) Mind your own business? Move it to Milton Hotel.
(7) Milton Hotel is a good location for business.
By the contrast of the above two advertisements, it is easy to discover that the first advertisement, which uses pun, is almost certainly more successful in attracting attention than the second one, which does not contain puns. To some degree, the advertising pun has the great capability of evoking the audiences' attention than other advertisements. In short, the use of the pun ensures that the message is communicated with more "strength".
3. Translation of puns in English advertisement
3.1The importance of pun translation in English advertisement
It is not easy for an advertisement to attract the public's eyes and impress them deeply. While pun can make use of its concise language style, combine the respective meaning of words into a harmonious image, enrich the image that provides the information of advertisement, and ensure the advertisement unique and profound. However, the translation of puns is considered to be extremely difficult. Many people consider puns as "untranslatable". And we have to admit the difficulty in the translation of puns. On the one hand, we must try our best to eliminate the barriers of different culture and language so that we can convey information precisely. On the other hand, we have to make adjustment and break through the limitation of culture and language so as to keep balance of source language and target language. To some degree, it is very crucial to apply dexterous techniques to translate puns in English advertisement.
3.2Delabastita's theory for translating puns
3.2.1The comment on Delabastita's method for translating puns
According to Chang Namfung,a Chinese scholar, Delabastita’s theory of translating puns is detailed and reasonable. And Delabastita’s ten translation methods can be classified into two categories.[8] The first category aims to emphasize the importance of explaining translated text sufficiently, including translating a pun with a non-pun word, copying the pun word and translating the pun wit h editorial techniques; while the second category aims to emphasize the importance of accepting the essential meaing of translated text, including translating a pun with a pun of different type, omitting the original pun word, translating a non-pun word with a pun word, adding a pun in the translated text. The method of translating a pun with a pun of the same type owns the characteristics of both categories.
Chang Namfung holds that Delabastita’s translation-method classifications of puns do not own much specificity of language, which means that the classifications are be applicable in some situations, including the translation of puns between European languages as well as the translation between English and Chinese in the rough. He also says that the method for translating puns by copying is an exception, for it is much more used in the translations between Latin languages but less used in the translation between English and Chinese. Therefore, it is reasonable to make use of the advantage of this method and abandon its disadvantage, making the translation of pun easier.
3.2.2 Translation methods of puns on basis of Delabastita's theory
Delabastita’s translation-method classification is detailed, but it is thought to be over-elaborated. Besides, from what has been discussed above, it is known that not all the translation methods for puns listed by Delabastita suit the translation of puns from English into Chinese. Therefore, the methods of translating the puns from English into Chinese should be further categorized. On the basis of Delabastita’s theory and some practical examples of translations of puns from English into Chinese, this paper holds that when translators try to translate an English pun into Chinese, the following methods can be adopted: translating a pun with a pun, and translating a pun with a non-pun word or phrase.
A. Translating a Pun with a Pun
This category of methods for translating puns includes Delabastita’s first three methods, that is, translation of a pun with a pun of the same type, translation of a pun with a pun of different type and translation of a pun with a different pun.
B. Translation of a Pun with a Non-pun Word or Phrase.
This category of methods exist because of the limitations in translation of languages, cultures, customs and the like, especially when two referential meanings of a pun in English can not always be translated into Chinese at the same time. When a formal translation, rather confusing, causes some troubles for target readers, and fails to convey every connotation of the original pun, it would be better for the translator to find and focus on the most important meaning. That is to say, the translated text may have to sacrifice the comparatively minor significant meaning in the original pun.
3.3 Translating techniques of puns in English advertisement
Generally speaking, faithfulness and expressiveness are the two common criteria in translation.. "Faithfulness" refers to be faithful in conveying the content and style of original text. The translators should express the original meaning comprehensively and accurately without any important loss. "Expressiveness" means that the version must be clear, distinct and fluent, easy to be understood. Sometimes the expressiveness can only be achieved by sacrificing faithfulness. In fact, the translation of puns is somewhat a contradictory combination. It is a torturing task to decide when to comply with "faithfulness", when to choose "expressiveness" and when to integrate both. Therefore, pun’s untranslatable essence determines what techniques should be adopted in translating puns..
3.3.1 Fit translation(契合譯法)
Translating puns is considered as a daunting task because the same type of pun or different pun have to express the double meaning, while the pronunciation, word form and the various meanings of puns have constructed the barriers of translatability of double meaning. But "some puns is not definitely untranslatable, it is possible to combine the source language and the target language"[9]. As we know, no translation is completely equivalent, so it is best to speak of “functional equivalence” in terms of a range of adequacy. Functional equivalence is first called “dynamic equivalence”. In Eugene Nida’s book Toward a Science of Translating, he defines dynamic translation as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message”. (Nida 2001b, 166) On the basis of integrating the two languages, the association-combined translating skill gives attention to both the form and the content of the advertisement. That means to translate the language under the direction of the Functional Equivalence theory. It is the highest criterion of translating pun in English advertisement.
eg: (8)Every kid should have an apple after school.(advertisement of computer)
譯文:每個(gè)孩子都應(yīng)有臺(tái)蘋果牌電腦。
Here "apple" is a pun, which re fers to one kind of fruit and a brand of computer. Therefore, this advertisement covers two meaning: One implies that children should eat an apple for extra-nutrition after class. The other means that it is more essential to own an apple computer for the children’s pabulum.
3.3.2 Semantic difference(分別表義法)
Translatability has always been the controversial issue in translation study for a long time. Obviously, some translators take puns as the preferred instance to validate the untranslatability. However, each kind of language has its own specific national history, culture and psychological background; different language system varies in language structure, thought and presentation. By this token, absolute translation equivalence doesn't exist. When translators can not find the corresponding words to express the source language, they are in need of blazing a trail to interpret the puns appropriately. The method of semantic difference means adopting the flexible way of decomposing the meaning of pun into two levels: surface meaning and underlying meaning. For example:
(9)Try our sweet corn, you'll smile from ear to ear.
譯文:嘗嘗我們的甜玉米,包你樂(lè)的合不攏嘴。
It is a very successful advertisement of corn. Here the word "ear" has double meanings, "the organ of hearing" and "tassel of corn". Therefore, "from ear to ear" has two contexts: successive corns, and continuous laugh, which can be associated by the products the advertisement promotes and describe people's affection for corn.
It is reasonable to comprehend the ads like that: tasting the corn makes you good appetite, degusting the corn forces you sweet smile. By composing the one sentence into two levels of meanings and analyzing the two image of "corn", the influence of advertisement is achieved successfully.
Another example:
(10) The unique spirit of Canada.
譯文:別具風(fēng)味的加拿大酒,獨(dú)特的加拿大精神。
Here the word “spirit” makes the advertisement of alcohol lifelike. It can be comprehended in two meanings: firewater and pneuma. Therefore, the double semantic meanings of “spirit” are translated into two parts “酒” and “精神” respectively.
It is worth mentioning that although this method retains the double meanings of pun, it fails to keep the charm of humor and concision of the original pun.
3.3.3 Sets translation(套譯法)
Brown (1994:47) describes the relationship between culture and language as follows: “A language is a part of a culture and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture”[10]. Some pun of English advertisement occurs on the basis of certain cultural background. As the development of language, its writing styles and characters are influenced by the culture and it forms the phrases(成語(yǔ)), common sayings(俗語(yǔ)), proverbs(諺語(yǔ)), a two-part allegorical saying(歇后語(yǔ)) and so on. Therefore, the pun can be translated by taking natural mode into consideration. By taking advantage of the natural mode, the translation of pun can play a role of transporting the content of original culture and keeping the concise language character.
For example,
(11)"We take no pride in prejudice".
譯文:對(duì)于您的偏見,我們沒有傲慢。
This is an excellent sentence used in TIMES, which originated from Jane Austen's word-famous masterpiece named "Pride and Prejudice". By using it for reference, the producer aims to claim that he is unbiased toward anything and determines to be righteous and trustful. According to what people have known in the daily life, they would find the meaning of advertisement familiar and understandable. The advantage of this technique is to transfer the essence of culture and maintain the concise language style of source language while the essence of pun is unable to be expressed completely. Therefore, the target language will lose some humor and tact.
3.3.4 Priority translation(側(cè)重譯法)
The unique presentation of pun is not about the combination of the source language and target language, not about the decomposition of the meaning, but about the way of attaching importance to certain part of the version. That means emphasizing the underlying meaning instead of literal meaning. In Eugene Nida’s book Toward a Science of Translating, he defines dynamic translation as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message”[11]. (Nida 2001b, 166) When some advertisements contain several puns, the translator chooses to adopt this means to retain the meaning of source text. In another word, pun turns to be pun-unlike.
For example:
(12) The driver is safer when the road is dry;
The road is safer when the driver is dry.
譯文:路面干燥,司機(jī)安全;司機(jī)清醒,道路安全。
Here "dry" consists of double meaning: 1.without moisture or water 2. not drunk. When translating the advertisement, "dry" applies the surface meaning to the first sentence, the underlying meaning to the second sentence. Therefore, it can be translated like that: the dry road keep the driver safe; the level-headed driver keep the road safe. With such contrast, it is easy to alert the people the importance of safe driving.
The method of priority translation is adopted by translators in most cases when the pun of source language is unable to be explained completely. Although the information of the source language can be transferred in priority, its language is presented in a mild and plain way instead of the humor and wit.
3.3.5 Compensation translation(補(bǔ)償譯法)
To some degree, translation means comparing cultures. Translators interpret source-culture phenomena in the light of their own culture-specific knowledge of that culture. A foreign culture can only be perceived by means of comparison with our own culture, the culture of our primary enculturation.
Besides, when the translator interprets one level of meaning but contain uncompleted presentation and content, the compensation is appropriate to overcome the problems by making use of sound or vision. In order to provide the whole content of the advertisements precisely, the assistant of media, such as the picture of television, the voice of radio or other things is necessary. With the help of these, the lost information and content, which is impossible to be conveyed through the language, can now be supplemented and the advertisements are also able to catch audiences' eyes and give them a deep impression.
For example:
(13) OIC
譯文:哦,我看到了。
This is an advertisement of one well-known brand of glasses. This three letters are the abbreviation of the sentence of “oh, I see”. Besides, the pronunciation of these letters is identical to that of the sentence. The advertiser smartly makes use of visual language as well as auditory language to attract consumers and bring comfort to them. If it is printed in paper media, consumers can easily comprehend it when they notice the shape of these letters, which looks like the shape of the glass. However, the translation of “OIC” can hardly match the English version with the loss of visual function and the pun in pronunciation.
The advantage of the method is that it can make use of auditory language and visual language to make up for the lost information of the advertisements that can not be conveyed by words only. Besides, the form of advertisements can give people deep impression. However, without the help of these compensation means, the advertisements can not play the vested role and can’t make people comprehend precisely.
4.Conclusion
Through the general study of pun and the discussion on its translatability, this thesis holds that to some extent, most of the puns can be translated. However, only some puns can be translated without any loss in the target language. With careless translation, some translated texts of puns even confuse the target readers. Therefore, it is very crucial to have a good acquisition of flexible translating techniques of puns and apply them successfully to English advertisement translation.
Through the analysis of various examples of pun translations, the thesis comes to conclude that the choice of certain translation techniques is greatly determined by the context. When there is an unbalance between source language and target language in their connotation or usages, translators should choose the method of semantic translation, priority translation or compensation translation. When the equivalent dictions can be found in target language and the connotation of the original pun can be reproduced, it is better to adopt the remaining means: fit translation and sets translation.
Acknowledgements
I would like to extend my thanks from the deepest bottom of my heart to those who have provided me useful suggestions to complete this thesis well. I am especially grateful to Miss Fang, my supervisor, who has offered me so much worthy direction and considerate help. Without her close guidance, this thesis would not be what it is now.
I also would like to express my gratitude to so many classmates who have given me so precise information from library and website. What they have taught me greatly help me learn a lot in my study.
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. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
篇7
奈達(dá)認(rèn)為,翻譯不僅僅是語(yǔ)言的轉(zhuǎn)換,更應(yīng)注重這一過(guò)程與文化間的直接或間接的關(guān)聯(lián);而德國(guó)功能學(xué)派在翻譯時(shí)也重視研究文本的類型、翻譯的目的和讀者。在中國(guó),嚴(yán)復(fù)最先提出在翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)該考慮讀者、文本的目的和中國(guó)的社會(huì)狀況等。但是直到近幾年,伴隨著劉宓慶《文化翻譯論綱》的誕生,我國(guó)才形成了初步的文化翻譯理論框架。談及旅游翻譯,其關(guān)鍵在于如何最大限度實(shí)現(xiàn)譯語(yǔ)文化和原語(yǔ)文化在功能上等值以及譯語(yǔ)讀者與原語(yǔ)讀者在接受性上和諧統(tǒng)一。當(dāng)然,這其中還有不少策略值得研究,下面將具體介紹。
2、翻譯策略
2.1直譯,完全保留漢語(yǔ)的指稱意義和句子言內(nèi)意義,求得內(nèi)容與形式相符的方法。如:蘆笛巖是桂林最精彩的巖洞。Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.
2.2音譯+釋義:結(jié)合這兩種方法,既彌補(bǔ)了單純音譯法表意能力差的缺點(diǎn),又在某種程度上避免了一些難譯詞在意譯時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)意誤解、表達(dá)累贅等弊病。如:天涯海角和鹿回頭風(fēng)景點(diǎn) Tianya-Haijiao (the end of earth and the edge of the sea) And Luhuitou (turn-round Deer)scenic spots.
2.3增譯:它是指增添適當(dāng)?shù)睦斫庠乃匦璧谋尘爸R(shí),如歷史事件發(fā)生年代,名人身份及其在歷史上的貢獻(xiàn)名勝古跡所蘊(yùn)含的建筑文化、歷史典故等。中國(guó)五千多年的悠久歷史賦予了旅游文化豐富的內(nèi)容,古老神秘的東方文化是吸引許多國(guó)外游客來(lái)華旅游的重要原因。但是,英文讀者因文化差異,對(duì)富含文化背景的譯文往往難以理解。因此,在進(jìn)行旅游文本英譯時(shí),譯者應(yīng)該增加相應(yīng)的文化背景解釋,努力將原文中的特色文化傳達(dá)到譯文中,以滿足國(guó)外游客對(duì)中國(guó)文化的好奇心理,從而吸引更多的游客。如:“楊貴妃”可譯為Yang Guifei, favorite concubine of a Tang emperor;“黃帝陵”可譯為the Tomb of Huangdi (Yellow Emperor), the first Chinese emperor;“諸葛亮”可譯為:Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of the Shu Kingdom. 這樣一來(lái),沒有中國(guó)歷史文化底蘊(yùn)的外國(guó)游客也可以清楚地了解旅游資料中所傳達(dá)的信息。
2.4減譯:漢語(yǔ)常用修辭來(lái)潤(rùn)色從而顯得同義重復(fù),這與英語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)練形成鮮明對(duì)比。在翻譯旅游資料時(shí),沒有必要將描寫性詞語(yǔ)一一譯出,可以適當(dāng)刪減,保持內(nèi)容和意思完整準(zhǔn)確即可。如:奇特秀麗的海景、山景和石景,海山相連,相得益彰,蔚為奇觀Wonders of nature---hills, the sea and rocks present a splendid sight. 原文用用了3個(gè)四字成語(yǔ)來(lái)描繪這兒的美景,如“海山相連”、“相得益彰”、“蔚為奇觀。但在西方人眼里,這些四字格缺乏實(shí)際內(nèi)容,夸張有余而真實(shí)感不足。因此,譯者將這些虛化朦朧的四字結(jié)構(gòu)省略,只譯出原文主要內(nèi)容,使譯文景物描寫真實(shí)客觀,符合英語(yǔ)讀者的審美習(xí)慣。
2.5類比:對(duì)于外國(guó)游客不了解的相關(guān)知識(shí),采用英語(yǔ)文化中相似的內(nèi)容來(lái)譯。
紐馬克在A Textbook of Translation一書中提到了文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯方法,即用譯入語(yǔ)中的文化負(fù)載詞翻譯原語(yǔ)中的文化負(fù)載詞。由于文化背景不同,互相替換的兩種文化負(fù)載詞很難說(shuō)完全對(duì)應(yīng),但它們之間確實(shí)存在某種程度的對(duì)應(yīng)。所以在旅游文本中用類比法能使譯入語(yǔ)讀者更容易接受,文本的呼喚功能也更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。如:濟(jì)公劫富濟(jì)窮,深受窮人喜歡。Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor, he was loved deeply by the poor.
類比其實(shí)是一種變通手法,可以更便利地向外國(guó)游客介紹旅游文本中中國(guó)文化所特有的年代、地名、人名或事件,可以使游客將陌生事物與自己文化中對(duì)應(yīng)的事物聯(lián)系起來(lái),便于理解和交流。這一方法對(duì)于譯本的可接受性很有幫助,但是如果從文化傳播的角度考慮,類比淡化了中國(guó)文化特色,應(yīng)該是在增譯法行不通的情況下才采取的一種方法。
篇8
“文化”內(nèi)涵豐富,界定復(fù)雜。世界各國(guó)學(xué)者試圖從不同角度對(duì)文化進(jìn)行概念界定,但至今未能達(dá)成統(tǒng)一觀點(diǎn)。如,人類學(xué)者認(rèn)為文化是無(wú)處不在、無(wú)所不包的人類知識(shí)、行為的總和;文化學(xué)者認(rèn)為文化是人類社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、藝術(shù)、教育、修養(yǎng)、文學(xué)、語(yǔ)言、思維的總和;跨文化交際學(xué)者認(rèn)為文化是人際交流的一種特殊形式。國(guó)內(nèi)出版的《辭海》的解釋是:文化是人類社會(huì)歷史時(shí)間過(guò)程中所創(chuàng)造的物質(zhì)財(cái)富和精神財(cái)富的總和??梢姡幕拍顚挿?,內(nèi)涵豐富,外延寬廣,包括人類社會(huì)活動(dòng)的方方面面。人類的各種觀念禮數(shù)、風(fēng)情行為、生活方式等都屬于文化。其中,語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)是人類文化活動(dòng)的重要組成部分。翻譯是將一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種語(yǔ)言的文化活動(dòng),是語(yǔ)言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,亦是文化之間的交流。因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言是文化的載體,翻譯活動(dòng)既然涉及到語(yǔ)言,就必然會(huì)涉及到文化。語(yǔ)言是在一定的歷史文化背景中產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的,不同的文化背景催生了不同的語(yǔ)言架構(gòu)。文化背景的差異直接或間接地導(dǎo)致了語(yǔ)言的差異。離開了一定的文化環(huán)境,語(yǔ)言的產(chǎn)生便成問(wèn)題。因此,只有具有文化特質(zhì)的人類才有了獨(dú)特于其他物種的語(yǔ)言。反之,語(yǔ)言是文化的表現(xiàn)形式,文化是用語(yǔ)言來(lái)表述和傳達(dá)的,語(yǔ)言承載著文化,通過(guò)語(yǔ)言,文化得以記載、傳播和延續(xù),離開了語(yǔ)言,文化的表達(dá)和傳播便不再順暢。正是因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言的差異,才需要文化的交流和融合。語(yǔ)言與文化的密切關(guān)系注定了翻譯與文化的密切關(guān)系。不同文化之間的交流需要由語(yǔ)言來(lái)充當(dāng)溝通橋梁,即通過(guò)將一種語(yǔ)言翻譯為另一種語(yǔ)言的方式。翻譯的是語(yǔ)言,更是文化,翻譯“是文化的翻譯”。因此,文化的差異不可避免地給語(yǔ)言的轉(zhuǎn)換帶來(lái)種種難以逾越的鴻溝和難以克服的困難,從而增加語(yǔ)際翻譯的難度。翻譯理論家尤金•奈達(dá)指出:“對(duì)于真正成功的翻譯而言,熟悉兩種文化甚至比掌握兩種語(yǔ)言更重要,因?yàn)樵~語(yǔ)只有在起作用的文化背景中才有意義?!?/p>
二、中國(guó)古代文化對(duì)中醫(yī)翻譯的影響
鑒于語(yǔ)言、文化、翻譯之間的關(guān)系,翻譯之所以不那么容易,乃是因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言反映文化,承載著豐厚的文化內(nèi)涵,并受文化的制約。一旦語(yǔ)言進(jìn)入交際,便存在對(duì)文化內(nèi)涵的理解和表達(dá)問(wèn)題。中醫(yī)產(chǎn)生并發(fā)展于中國(guó)古代文化,中國(guó)古代文化對(duì)中醫(yī)翻譯的影響主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
(一)語(yǔ)言文字的影響
中醫(yī)根植于中國(guó)古代文化,其經(jīng)典著作多以古文形式寫成,具有濃厚的古典文化色彩。漢語(yǔ)古文有時(shí)具有現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)沒有的用法和意義,有時(shí)語(yǔ)言深?yuàn)W、抽象而模糊,加大了中醫(yī)翻譯的難度。譯者首先要具備一定的古文知識(shí),理解原文的語(yǔ)義意義;譯者還必須充分了解中醫(yī),理解原文的醫(yī)學(xué)意義;譯者還必須了解中國(guó)古代文化,在文化背景里充分理解原文的文化意義。只有做到以上三點(diǎn),譯者才邁出了中醫(yī)翻譯的第一步。比如,中醫(yī)的經(jīng)典著作《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》,語(yǔ)言為古漢語(yǔ),文中有很多現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)沒有的詞語(yǔ),比如通假字、古今字等。翻譯時(shí)要結(jié)合語(yǔ)篇,并參照注釋本,才能明確其含義。比如,“天明則日月不明,邪害空竅,陽(yáng)氣者閉塞,地氣者冒明,云霧不精,則上應(yīng)白露不下。交通不表,萬(wàn)物命故不施,不施則名木多死?!边@里“空”就是通假字,同現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)的“孔”,“空竅”就是“孔竅”,意為“毛孔”,直接英譯為“orifices”或‘externalorifices”較好?!饵S帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》的首部英譯本譯者伊爾扎•威斯女士(IlzaVeith)由于對(duì)中國(guó)古漢語(yǔ)這一特殊詞匯現(xiàn)象不太了解,將其譯為“evilwouldcomeduringthisperiodofemptiness”,不僅傳達(dá)了錯(cuò)誤的信息,而且沒能很好地傳遞中醫(yī)文化。
(二)思維方式的影響
中醫(yī)的思維方式及其看病診病治病方法深受中國(guó)古代文化影響。首先,中國(guó)文化重形象思維、重直覺,在語(yǔ)言使用上重意合,很多詞語(yǔ)具有言外之意。而英語(yǔ)則重邏輯思維和實(shí)證分析,文中語(yǔ)言關(guān)系明確,因而翻譯時(shí)要特別注意漢語(yǔ)詞匯的隱含意義向英語(yǔ)詞匯的非隱含意義的轉(zhuǎn)換。比如,《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》中這句話:“三八!臣?xì)淦骄?,筋骨勁?qiáng),故真牙生而長(zhǎng)極?!边@里“三八”是隱含意,意為“二十四歲”,可譯為“Attheageoftwenty-four”,而不是字面上的“threeeight”。其次,中醫(yī)強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,主張辯證治療,強(qiáng)調(diào)陰陽(yáng)平衡、五行相生相克。譯者要充分了解這一文化現(xiàn)象,把握這種思維方式,才能做好中醫(yī)翻譯。比如,《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》中這句話:“岐伯曰:春勝長(zhǎng)夏,長(zhǎng)夏勝冬,冬勝夏,夏勝秋,秋勝春,所謂得五行時(shí)之勝,各以氣命其藏?!边@里暗含著中國(guó)文化中的五行相生相克思想,譯者了解五行文化才能讀懂原文,做出恰當(dāng)翻譯。第三,中醫(yī)強(qiáng)調(diào)人與自然的融合,即“天人合一”。這種獨(dú)特的思維方式也是中醫(yī)翻譯特別要注意的。比如,《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》中這句話:“天地之間,六合之內(nèi),其魚九州、九竅、五藏、十二節(jié),皆通乎天氣?!卑凑宅F(xiàn)在漢語(yǔ),其意思為:“凡是天地之間,六個(gè)方向之內(nèi),無(wú)論是地之九州,人之九竅、五臟、十二關(guān)節(jié),都是和天氣相通的?!?/p>
(三)文化哲學(xué)的影響
許崇信在《文化交流與翻譯》中說(shuō)道:“文化具有獨(dú)特的民族特點(diǎn),是不同民族在特殊歷史地理環(huán)境里的獨(dú)特創(chuàng)造,因此,在翻譯過(guò)程中如何對(duì)待和處理外來(lái)文化,無(wú)論在理論上或?qū)嵺`上都是一個(gè)重大課題?!敝嗅t(yī)是中華民族優(yōu)秀的文化瑰寶,它的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展都深受中國(guó)文化哲學(xué)影響,具有豐富的思想性和人文性。不理解中國(guó)文化哲學(xué),是很難理解中醫(yī)的,更不用說(shuō)進(jìn)行中醫(yī)翻譯了。首先,中醫(yī)里一些人名具有文化特色,如“黃帝”、“歧伯”等。其次,中醫(yī)一些常用術(shù)語(yǔ)具有獨(dú)特的文化內(nèi)涵,如“陰陽(yáng)”、“精”、“氣”等。第三,中醫(yī)里還有一些易造成文化誤讀的詞語(yǔ),如“春秋”(指年齡)、“百歲”(虛指,并不是真的指一百歲)等。對(duì)這些名稱、詞語(yǔ)的文化背景、文化內(nèi)涵不理解,如將“黃帝”譯為“EmperorHuang”或僅僅音譯為“Huangdi”,都不能很好地傳遞其所包涵的文化意韻。更重要的是,中醫(yī)的形成與發(fā)展與中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)息息相關(guān),其核心思想、理論機(jī)制及主要內(nèi)容都是中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)的反映和體現(xiàn)。如《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》就是以陰陽(yáng)、五行為中心,以同類相應(yīng)為規(guī)律建立其理論的。其精氣理論是對(duì)道家“道”即是“氣”思想的繼承和發(fā)展,其中許多養(yǎng)生和治法理論是“道法自然”的產(chǎn)物。如“上古之人,其知道者,法于旦盟,和于術(shù)數(shù),……”這句話就包含了中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)原理,“其知道者”意為“懂得養(yǎng)生的道理”,“法于旦盟”意為“效法于天地陰陽(yáng)的自然變化”,“和于術(shù)數(shù)”意為“調(diào)和于術(shù)數(shù)”。譯者要了解中國(guó)古代哲學(xué),深刻理解“道”、“術(shù)數(shù)”等文化含義,才能對(duì)其進(jìn)行翻譯。
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
篇9
失地農(nóng)民的出現(xiàn)是社會(huì)發(fā)展注重效率的必然結(jié)果,其再就業(yè)安置則體現(xiàn)了社會(huì)公平的程度。隨著人類對(duì)于自然界的認(rèn)識(shí)及改造能力的增強(qiáng),追求效率的結(jié)果是以群居為特征的城市的出現(xiàn)及社會(huì)城市化進(jìn)程的加快。這是以占有原農(nóng)村土地為代價(jià)的,因此就產(chǎn)生了大量的失地農(nóng)民。所以說(shuō)失地農(nóng)民的出現(xiàn)是社會(huì)追求效率的必然結(jié)果。另一方面農(nóng)民失去了土地,也就失去了原來(lái)賴以生存的手段;而且其整體文化素質(zhì)不高,參政能力有待提高,這就決定了失地農(nóng)民在社會(huì)上處于弱勢(shì)群體的地位。社會(huì)公平就是要解決社會(huì)上弱勢(shì)群體的平等地位。從反方面來(lái)看,如果沒有很好的解決失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置問(wèn)題,失地農(nóng)民很容易成為社會(huì)發(fā)展的消極因素,進(jìn)而影響社會(huì)效率的提高。
政府作為執(zhí)行公共權(quán)力的主體,在維護(hù)公平方面,起主導(dǎo)作用。其主要通過(guò)建立和實(shí)施相關(guān)制度,用它來(lái)規(guī)范社會(huì)中行為主體人的行為,維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序。
政府在促進(jìn)就業(yè)中應(yīng)承擔(dān)的職責(zé)包括以下幾個(gè)方面:提供就業(yè)政策,建立健全就業(yè)相關(guān)法規(guī)制度;為就業(yè)者提供公平的就業(yè)環(huán)境,完善就業(yè)服務(wù)體系;充分發(fā)揮比較優(yōu)勢(shì),搞好產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,多渠道、多層次、多形式開發(fā)就崗位;為失業(yè)者提供社會(huì)保障,以保證失業(yè)者在就業(yè)前的基本生活。
研究發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在城市化進(jìn)程中對(duì)失業(yè)農(nóng)民的安置過(guò)程,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),各國(guó)政府都積極的發(fā)揮作用:通過(guò)立法制定嚴(yán)格的法律、法規(guī)及相應(yīng)政策,盡量保護(hù)農(nóng)民利益;用工廠和農(nóng)場(chǎng)來(lái)吸收剩余勞動(dòng)力,加強(qiáng)就業(yè)培訓(xùn)、利用多種途徑促使剩余勞動(dòng)力的就業(yè);設(shè)立失地農(nóng)民社會(huì)保障,降低他們的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
通過(guò)對(duì)長(zhǎng)春市凈月潭旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)區(qū)的失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置問(wèn)題的實(shí)地研究,比較我國(guó)其它地區(qū)失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置情況,目前在無(wú)統(tǒng)一的政策規(guī)定的情況下,各級(jí)地方政府采取的就業(yè)安置模式主要有:浙江模式,以土地?fù)Q保障為中心的以商業(yè)化運(yùn)作為特點(diǎn)的多渠道多形式的就業(yè)安置模式;咸嘉的“留地集中安置,綜合開發(fā)建設(shè)”模式;南海的集體土地股份制模式;以杭州和山東為代表的開發(fā)性安置模式。綜合來(lái)看,各種安置模式都存在一些共性的問(wèn)題:如目前各地幾乎還沒有真正建立失地農(nóng)民的社會(huì)保障制度,保障方式單一,水平過(guò)低;政府沒有履行其應(yīng)盡的職責(zé);制度方面不能有效的保證失地農(nóng)民的權(quán)益;以土地?fù)Q社保的模式強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出了保障,但對(duì)就業(yè)能力的提高,再就業(yè)的安置關(guān)注不夠等等。
在失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置過(guò)程中農(nóng)民自身存在的問(wèn)題主要包括:文化素質(zhì)和勞動(dòng)技能偏低;自身的適應(yīng)性較差,在思想、觀念上沒有做好充分的準(zhǔn)備去適應(yīng)這種非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)變;農(nóng)民缺乏捍衛(wèi)自身權(quán)益的思想意識(shí),不知道如何利用法律武器保護(hù)自己;農(nóng)民組織化程度空前弱化,農(nóng)民基本上喪失自我保護(hù)能力;失地農(nóng)民中的“弱勢(shì)群體”的生活難問(wèn)題尤為突出。
在失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置過(guò)程中政府存在的問(wèn)題包括:1、政府責(zé)任錯(cuò)位:政府沒有更好的為被征地者提供生活基礎(chǔ)—補(bǔ)償安置款;政府對(duì)提高失地農(nóng)就業(yè)能力和再就業(yè)的安置關(guān)注不夠;個(gè)別政府和商家勾結(jié),犧牲農(nóng)民利益以謀取私利。2、由政府失職導(dǎo)致的制度缺失表現(xiàn)在:制度有效供給不足一一失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置法律法規(guī)不完善,相關(guān)政策落實(shí)不到位;土地征用補(bǔ)償制度不合理,監(jiān)督機(jī)制不健全,補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用被基層政權(quán)截留;社會(huì)保障制度缺失。
為解決上述問(wèn)題,政府在對(duì)失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置的過(guò)程中要做到:1,政府要保證有效制度供給:首先要制定符合失地農(nóng)民特點(diǎn)的社會(huì)保障制度;其次要完善征地制度及相關(guān)法律法規(guī),保護(hù)被征地農(nóng)民利益;再次,政府要提高自身執(zhí)法水平保證各項(xiàng)制度法規(guī)的有效落實(shí)。2、政府有責(zé)任指導(dǎo)失地農(nóng)民的再就業(yè)。3、政府要從多方面幫助失地農(nóng)民實(shí)現(xiàn)再就業(yè):首先要完善失地農(nóng)民就業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)制和體系,幫助失地農(nóng)民提高勞動(dòng)技能;其次制定適合失地農(nóng)民特點(diǎn)的就業(yè)促進(jìn)政策,多創(chuàng)造崗位,扶持失地農(nóng)民逐步致富;再次建立完善的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)體系,營(yíng)造健康的就業(yè)環(huán)境。另外,為更好地解決失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置問(wèn)題,還應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)機(jī)制優(yōu)勢(shì),并提高農(nóng)民自我維權(quán)水平。
英文:
Atpresent,wehavetofacetheseriousproblemhowtofindjobsforthepeasantswholosttheirlandintheprocessofurbanizationinchina.Therefore,itisoftheoreticalvalueandrealisticmeaningcarryingonthetheoreticalanalysisandpracticalinvestigationtotheproblem.Thepaperanalysesobjectivelyandexpoundthedutyofthegovernmentandthemarketintheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirland,andpointsoutreemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswhothegovernment''''sdutyduringlosttheirterritories,andbringsrelevantsuggestionswhich,Ihope,maybefavorabletoresolvetheproblemandconstructionofsocialistharmonioussocietyinChinathroughtheexperiencesbothathomeandabroadaboutthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirterritories.
Itisaninevitableoutcomeforustopayattentiontoefficiencyinsocialdevelopmentthatthepeasantslosttheirterritorytakesplace.Itreflectsthedegreeoffairnessinoursocietythattheyhasbeenreemployedandsettleddown.Withmankind''''sdevelopmentoftheabilitytounderstandandtransformnature,theresultofpursuingefficiencybringsaboutappearanceofthecitywiththecharacteristicoflivingingroupsandquickeningtheprocessofthesocialurbanization.Thisisatthecostofoccupyingtheoriginalruralland,whichmakesalargenumberofpeasantslosttheirterritories.
Therefore,itisaforegoneconclusionforthesocietytopursueefficiencythatthepeasantslosttheirland.Itsuggeststhatthepeasantslosttheirterritoriesmeanthattheylosttheoriginalwaytheydependonforexistence.Th
epooreducationofthewholepeasantsgetandtheabilitytoparticipateingovernmentandpoliticalaffairsneedsdeveloping,allofwhichdeterminethepositionofdisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietythatthepeasantslostterritorieshavetobe.Afairsocietyshouldjustsolvetheproblemoftheequalfooting,whichthedisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietyshouldget.
Otherwise,thepeasantsoflostterritoryareveryapttobecomethenegativefactorofsocialdevelopment,whichwillbeabadinfluenceontheimprovementofsocialefficiency,iftheproblemofreemployingandsettlingdownthepeasantsoflostterritoryissolvednotverywell.
Asthesubjectofcarryingoutpubicpower,thegovernmentplaysaleadingroleinkeepingfairness.Itstandardizesthebehavioralagents''''behaviorinsocietybythewaytosetupandadministerrelevantsystems,andkeepsthecivilorder.
dutythatthegovernmentshouldtakeinpromotingemploymentincludestherespectsasfollows:Firstly,offertheemploymentpolicies,setupandperfecttherelevantlawsandregulationsonemployment;Secondly,offerthefairemploymentenvironmenttoemployees,perfectservicesystemofemployment;Thirdly,givefullplaytocomparativeadvantage,dowellinindustrialrestructuring,tryhardtocreatetheopeningsbythemultifacetedways;Finally,offerthesocialsecuritytothejobless,soastoensuretheirbasiclifebeforetheyareemployed.
Studyingtheprocessoffindingplacesfortheunemployedpeasantsintheprocessofurbanizationinthedevelopedcountry,we''''vefoundthatthegovernmentsofvariouscountriesallshaveplayedtheroleofactivesupport.Throughlegislatingtomakethestrictlawsandregulationsandcorrespondingpolicies,whichtrytheirbesttoprotecttheinterestsofthepeasants;Absorbthesurpluslabor,strengthenemploymenttraining,impelthesurpluslaborerstobeemployedbyasmanywaysaspossible;Setupthesocialsecurityforthepeasantsoflostterritoryandreducetheirrisk.
Throughon-the-spotresearchesonthesettlementoftheproblemofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinChangchunJingyuetanTourist&EconomicDevelopmentZone,comparingthesituationsofreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinotherareasofourcountry,underthesituationthatthereisnounifiedpoliciesandregulationsatpresent,themainreemploymentandsettlementmodesofthelocalgovernmentsareasfollows:ThemodeofZhejiang,themulti-channelandmultiformmodesofreemploymentandsettlement,takesexchanginglandforsocialsecurityaskeyandtakescommercializedoperationasitscharacteristics;themodeof"reservinglandforintegratesettlement,comprehensivedevelopmentandconstruction"hasbeenusedinXianjia;theshareholdingmodeofcollectivelandinNanhai;thetypicalcreativemodesinHangzhouCityandShandong.Ingeneral,therearesomeproblemsincommonamongthesesettlementmodes,suchasalmostnorealsocialsecuritysystemforthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesatpresenthasbeenmadeandmeanwhile,thewaysofsocialsecurityistoosimpleandfarfromperfect;thegovernmentdoesn''''tdoitsdutywhichitoughttodo;itcan''''teffectivelysecuretherightsandinterestsofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.Themodeofexchanginglandforsocialsecurityemphasizesthesocialsecurity,butdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontotheimprovementofemploymentabilityandthearrangementofreemploying,etc.
Duringthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories,thepeasantshavetheirownproblemsandtheyaremainly:education,laborskillspoor;andtheirownadaptabilityarepoor;theymakenofullpreparationforfacingthechangefromagriculturaltonon-agriculturallaborerintheconceptorideas.Peasantshavenotheideologyofdefendingtheirownrightsandinterests,don''''tknowhowtousetheweaponsoflawtoprotectthemselves;thepeasant''''sorganizationisweakenedinunprecedentedway,peasantsloseself-protectionabilitybasically;theproblemsofhardtoliveforthe"disadvantagedgroups"amongthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesareparticularlyserious.
Intheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheir
territoriesthegovernmenthastheproblemsasfollows:1.improperpositionofthegovernment''''sresponsibilities:thegovernmentdoesn''''tprovidethepeasantswhoselandisacquiredwithbetterlivingcondition-compensationforsettlement;thegovernmentdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontoimprovingtheabilityofemploymentandreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirland;somegovernmentsandbusinessmencollaboratewitheachotherandencroachupontheinterestsofthepeasantstoseekpersonalgain.2.thegovernmentneglectsitsdutytocausethelackofinstitutionasfollows:theinsufficientoftheinstitutionaleffectivesupply-theimperfectofthelawsandregulationsonthereemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesandrelevantpoliciesarenotfullyimplemented;theinstitutionoflandacquisitioncompensationisunreasonable,supervisionmechanismisnotperfect,compensationexpensesarekeptbythepoliticalauthorityatroot-level;thesocialsecuritysystemislacked.
篇10
摘要:圖式理論對(duì)人的認(rèn)知行為和心理的基礎(chǔ)性解釋廣泛應(yīng)用于語(yǔ)言研究,在涉及認(rèn)知、理解、記憶等大量心理過(guò)程的翻譯活動(dòng)中,圖式理論也具有現(xiàn)實(shí)指導(dǎo)意義。
譯者可以依據(jù)圖式理論在翻譯過(guò)程中對(duì)冗余信息進(jìn)行衡量和取舍,在冗余不足和冗余過(guò)量的情況下采取不同的翻譯策略,幫助讀者激活已有圖式或建立新的相關(guān)圖式。
1.引言
Kant提出,圖式(schema)是組織人們世界知識(shí)的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu),認(rèn)為概念只有和個(gè)人的已知信息聯(lián)系才有意義?,F(xiàn)代圖示理論起源于Bartlette的“Remembering:AStudyinExperimentalandSocialPsychology”(1932)(圖式是對(duì)過(guò)去經(jīng)驗(yàn)的反映或?qū)^(guò)去經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積極組織)。外部輸入的信息通過(guò)編碼、組織,匯入人腦中已有的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò),即進(jìn)入長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶并儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)。編碼的具體形式即各個(gè)具體的圖式,是人們頭腦中已有的結(jié)構(gòu)性知識(shí)或知識(shí)單元,其中心作用在于構(gòu)建對(duì)某個(gè)事件、客體或情形的解釋。翻譯,尤其是文學(xué)翻譯,是一種創(chuàng)造性的心理活動(dòng),涉及譯者的思維、感受、動(dòng)機(jī)、情感、記憶等心理因素。翻譯過(guò)程基本發(fā)生在人的大腦之中,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)應(yīng)用心理學(xué)的規(guī)律,在有關(guān)感覺、信息處理、記憶及認(rèn)知科學(xué)等心理研究的框架中來(lái)分析該過(guò)程。翻譯過(guò)程中,圖示理論不僅可以解釋譯者本人對(duì)源文本的理解和記憶,而且可以進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)譯者的翻譯行為。
2.語(yǔ)言的冗余性
(1)語(yǔ)言符號(hào)具有相關(guān)性,根據(jù)前面出現(xiàn)的符號(hào),可以預(yù)測(cè)后面可能出現(xiàn)的符號(hào)。當(dāng)語(yǔ)音或文字不清楚時(shí),人們可以根據(jù)上下文來(lái)理解話語(yǔ)或文章的含義。在有噪聲干擾時(shí),仍能根據(jù)已聽清楚的部分來(lái)識(shí)別不清晰的語(yǔ)音。話語(yǔ)或語(yǔ)篇中并非一切成分對(duì)于傳達(dá)語(yǔ)言符號(hào)整體所包含的信息都不可缺少意味著語(yǔ)言符號(hào)具有冗余性,它保證了話語(yǔ)或語(yǔ)篇在不理想的環(huán)境下(如書面文章中有遺漏,談話時(shí)有嘈雜聲,書寫的字母不清楚,發(fā)音不清晰)仍能發(fā)揮其交際功能。
(2)不同的語(yǔ)言冗余度有差異。英語(yǔ)書面語(yǔ)的冗余度在67%到80%之間,漢語(yǔ)書面語(yǔ)的冗余度在56%與74%之間??梢?漢語(yǔ)書面語(yǔ)的冗余度略低。對(duì)于同樣長(zhǎng)的字母序列,漢語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)義方面給人們的預(yù)示比英語(yǔ)弱,語(yǔ)義的不確定性程度更大。在英漢互譯過(guò)程中,要考慮兩種語(yǔ)言冗余度不同,根據(jù)源語(yǔ)讀者和譯語(yǔ)讀者對(duì)不同的冗余度的適應(yīng)的差異,采取必要的翻譯策略:一,調(diào)整譯文,使冗余度適量;二,幫助讀者建構(gòu)新的圖式,拓展舊圖式或激活已有圖式,在譯語(yǔ)讀者和源語(yǔ)文化之間搭起溝通的橋梁。
3.對(duì)翻譯過(guò)程中冗余信息處理的啟示信息度(informativity)是建構(gòu)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一,指語(yǔ)篇信息量超出語(yǔ)篇接受者心理期待的程度,也就是語(yǔ)篇信息是否在預(yù)期之中、是否已知、是否不確定的程度。當(dāng)源語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇提供的信息超出解碼過(guò)程所需,多余信息被稱為“冗余”。冗余是有效語(yǔ)言交際的重要因素。從信息角度來(lái)說(shuō),語(yǔ)言冗余在語(yǔ)內(nèi)交際中總是適度的(王金波、王艷,2002)幫助接受者保持相同的信道容量,即受到噪音(信息缺失、外部干擾等)干擾時(shí)依靠理解能力來(lái)理解信息發(fā)送者的含義。一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇或話語(yǔ)中,冗余和信息度成反比:冗余信息比例越大,信息量(新信息和有效信息)比例越小,信息度越低;反之,冗余信息比例越小,信息量(新信息和有效信息)比例越大,信息度越高。信息量過(guò)多或過(guò)少都會(huì)造成語(yǔ)言交流的障礙。讀者作為語(yǔ)篇信息的接受者,有付出一定努力來(lái)理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容的心理準(zhǔn)備。信息度高的語(yǔ)篇處理的難度高,更有挑戰(zhàn)性,也更有趣味性。但是信息度不能高到完全超出了讀者的現(xiàn)有圖式,以免影響讀者激活相關(guān)圖式幫助理解的過(guò)程。信息度是所有語(yǔ)篇的共性,不管結(jié)構(gòu)或內(nèi)容多么為人們所熟悉,一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇中總會(huì)有讀者未知的或不能預(yù)測(cè)的因素。每個(gè)部分信息度都很低的語(yǔ)篇會(huì)讓讀者感覺單調(diào)枯燥,味如嚼蠟,甚至完全不可接受;而信息度處處過(guò)高的語(yǔ)篇?jiǎng)t晦澀難懂,讓人如墜云霧。所以一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇中高信息度的語(yǔ)段和低信息度的語(yǔ)段互相補(bǔ)充是常態(tài)的,也就是說(shuō)讀者的已有圖式要能部分地映射語(yǔ)篇的信息,才能取得最佳閱讀效果。例1.TheAidsepidemicscontinuestospread,particularlyinAfricaandIndia.HereinBombay,1000peoplebecomesinfectedeveryday.ThedeathrateistheequivalentofaHiroshimabombex-plodingeverymonth.例1中第一句話的論點(diǎn)廣為人知,如果把它看成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)篇,其信息度很低。但它引入了一個(gè)信息度較高的語(yǔ)段。保持語(yǔ)篇恰當(dāng)?shù)男畔⒍?有2個(gè)常見方法:以常規(guī)的銜接方式保持特殊的連貫性,或以特殊的銜接方式保持常規(guī)的連貫。從圖示理論來(lái)看,更新完善內(nèi)容圖式,或拓展新的形式圖式。例2.“...62counties,16months,3debates,2opponentsand6blackpantsuitslater,becauseofyou,hereweare.”“輾轉(zhuǎn)六十二個(gè)縣,歷經(jīng)十六個(gè)月,三場(chǎng)辯論,打敗了兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,穿破了六套便服以后,由于你們的支持,我們終于勝利了?!毕@锏难葜v詞中使用了常見的并列結(jié)構(gòu)加強(qiáng)連貫,將“2opponents”和“6blackpantsuits”放在“l(fā)ater”之前,異常的搭配產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的幽默效果,提高了語(yǔ)篇的信息度。例3.Nowfadestheglimmeringlandscapeonthesight,Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds.為滿足詩(shī)歌對(duì)韻腳的特殊要求,例3詩(shī)節(jié)中動(dòng)詞后置。這個(gè)例子體現(xiàn)了常規(guī)的連貫性(概念)和特殊的銜接手段(語(yǔ)法)結(jié)合,也起到了提高信息度,加強(qiáng)閱讀理解過(guò)程的難度和趣味的效果。譯者構(gòu)建譯文的時(shí)候不能無(wú)視信息度。不加調(diào)整地把源語(yǔ)文本中適量的冗余信息譯入譯語(yǔ)文本,可能出現(xiàn)冗余過(guò)量或冗余不足,不能和讀者的圖式知識(shí)和信道容量匹配,造成理解困難或?qū)徝勒`解。須采用各種翻譯手段來(lái)處理冗余,調(diào)整原文的信息度,或?qū)ψx者的圖式進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和豐富。對(duì)于冗余不足、信息度過(guò)高的語(yǔ)篇,要適當(dāng)降低信息度(downgrading),增加冗余。常用策略有:解釋晦澀難解的表達(dá)或陌生的概念,使特殊的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)一般化。降低信息度是廣泛使用的翻譯策略,采取各種翻譯技巧使譯文通順自然的方式都可以歸為這一類。增加注釋,在語(yǔ)篇中添加解釋性成分,在序言或后記中提供相關(guān)背景知識(shí)和常識(shí)都屬于降低信息度的手段。尤其在文學(xué)翻譯中,譯者通常要介紹作者的生平、作品的社會(huì)時(shí)代背景,等等。總之,降低信息度包括調(diào)整譯文,使之對(duì)應(yīng)讀者的圖式知識(shí),或幫助讀者建立、拓展、激活相關(guān)圖式的一切方式。例4.theItalianfields,wherestilldothswayThetripletyrant...”譯者在注釋中解釋了“thetripletyrant”:“指羅馬教皇,因?yàn)榻袒蚀鞯幕使谟腥齻€(gè)邊沿?!睅椭鷮?duì)基督教了解甚少,缺乏關(guān)于教皇的圖式知識(shí)的中國(guó)讀者建立相關(guān)圖式,理解原詩(shī)。例5.三講(講學(xué)習(xí),講政治,講正氣)emphasisonthreethings:study,politicsandintegrity.漢語(yǔ)政治口號(hào)傾向于使用省略說(shuō)法,很多政治文本具有很強(qiáng)的中國(guó)特色。譯者必須加以解釋,以幫助外語(yǔ)讀者理解語(yǔ)篇,幫助他們建立起相關(guān)圖式。漢語(yǔ)中有大量缺乏實(shí)義的詞,表示范疇和種類,比如“任務(wù)”、“現(xiàn)象”、“過(guò)程”、“情況”、“態(tài)度”等。應(yīng)適當(dāng)刪減避免譯入英語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生過(guò)量冗余。例6.污染防治工作pollutioncontrol例7.環(huán)境保護(hù)活動(dòng)environmentalprotection對(duì)于冗余過(guò)量、信息度過(guò)低的源語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇,要適當(dāng)提高信息度(downgrading),減少冗余。值得注意的是,由于語(yǔ)言本身的差異和語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的不同,漢語(yǔ)中的適量冗余有時(shí)在英語(yǔ)中是過(guò)量的冗余。如漢語(yǔ)中大量使用形容詞和副詞修飾名詞、形容詞和動(dòng)詞,或?qū)χ黝}進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。如果直接移植到英語(yǔ)譯文,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)量冗余,不僅不能加強(qiáng)效果,反而削弱原文力度,甚至形成別扭錯(cuò)誤的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)。
4.結(jié)論圖式是人腦中關(guān)于世界知識(shí)的認(rèn)知組織形式,是人類認(rèn)知、理解、記憶的基礎(chǔ)。讀者的圖式直接影響到對(duì)語(yǔ)篇信息的理解。譯者翻譯過(guò)程中要適度調(diào)整冗余度,使之適應(yīng)讀者的圖式,或及時(shí)填補(bǔ)源語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇中略去的圖式,在讀者認(rèn)知語(yǔ)境中建立新的圖式,幫助激活、拓展相關(guān)圖式,推進(jìn)不同文化的溝通交流。這既是翻譯的策略,更是翻譯的根本目的之一。
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